ref: 75c92428225428c8fde2d015f010e608a0b12f1d
dir: purgatorio/man/6/utf
.TH UTF 6 .SH NAME UTF, Unicode, ASCII, rune \- character set and format .SH DESCRIPTION The Inferno character set and representation are based on the Unicode Standard and on the ISO multibyte .SM UTF-8 encoding (Universal Character Set Transformation Format, 8 bits wide). The Unicode Standard represents its characters in 21 bits; .SM UTF-8 represents such values in an 8-bit byte stream. Throughout this manual, .SM UTF-8 is shortened to .SM UTF. .PP Internally, programs store individual Unicode characters as 32-bit integers, of which only 21 bits are currently used. Documentation often refers to them as `runes', following Plan 9. However, any external manifestation of textual information, in files or at the interface between programs, uses the machine-independent, byte-stream encoding called .SM UTF. .PP .SM UTF is designed so the 7-bit .SM ASCII set (values hexadecimal 00 to 7F), appear only as themselves in the encoding. Characters with values above 7F appear as sequences of two or more bytes with values only from 80 to FF. .PP The .SM UTF encoding of the Unicode Standard is backward compatible with .SM ASCII\c : programs presented only with .SM ASCII work on Inferno even if not written to deal with .SM UTF\c , as do programs that deal with uninterpreted byte streams. However, programs that perform semantic processing on characters must convert from .SM UTF to runes in order to work properly with non-\c .SM ASCII input. Normally, all necessary conversions are done by the Limbo compiler and execution envirnoment, when converting between .B "array of byte" and .B "string" , but sometimes more is needed, such as when a program receives .SM UTF input one byte at a time; see .IR sys-byte2char (2) for routines to handle such processing. .PP Letting numbers be binary, a rune x is converted to a multibyte .SM UTF sequence as follows: .PP 01. x in [000000.00000000.0bbbbbbb] → 0bbbbbbb .br 10. x in [000000.00000bbb.bbbbbbbb] → 110bbbbb, 10bbbbbb .br 11. x in [000000.bbbbbbbb.bbbbbbbb] → 1110bbbb, 10bbbbbb, 10bbbbbb .br 100. x in [bbbbbb.bbbbbbbb.bbbbbbbb] → 1110bbbb, 10bbbbbb, 10bbbbbb, 10bbbbbb .br .PP .PP Conversion 01 provides a one-byte sequence that spans the .SM ASCII character set in a compatible way. Conversions 10, 11 and 100 represent higher-valued characters as sequences of two, three or four bytes with the high bit set. Inferno does not support the 5 and 6 byte sequences proposed by X-Open. When there are multiple ways to encode a value, for example rune 0, the shortest encoding is used. .PP In the inverse mapping, any sequence except those described above is incorrect and is converted to the rune hexadecimal FFFD. .SH FILES .TF "/lib/unicode " .TP .B /lib/unicode table of characters and descriptions, suitable for .IR look (1). .SH "SEE ALSO" .IR ascii (1), .IR tcs (1), .IR sys-byte2char (2), .IR keyboard (6), .IR "The Unicode Standard" .