ref: 1dbb193077af7ba6ff7fb70a4dd465480764382e
dir: /man/3/draw/
.TH DRAW 3 .SH NAME draw \- screen graphics .SH SYNOPSIS .EX .B bind -a #i /dev .B /dev/draw/new .BI /dev/draw/ n /ctl .BI /dev/draw/ n /data .ig .BI /dev/draw/ n /colormap .. .BI /dev/draw/ n /refresh .EE .SH DESCRIPTION The .I draw device serves a three-level file system providing an interface to the graphics facilities of the system. The Limbo Draw module (see .IR draw-intro (2)) implements its functions using this device. Each client of the device connects by opening .B /dev/draw/new and reading 12 strings, each 11 characters wide followed by a blank: the connection number .RI ( n ), the image id .RI ( q.v. ) of the display image (always zero), the channel format of the image, the .BR min.x , .BR min.y , .BR max.x , and .B max.y of the display image, and the .BR min.x , .BR min.y , .BR max.x , and .B max.y of the clipping rectangle. The channel format string is described in .IR image (6), and the other fields are decimal numbers. .PP The client can then open the directory .BI /dev/draw/ n / to access the .BR ctl , .BR data , .ig .BR colormap , .. and .B refresh files associated with the connection. .PP Via the .B ctl and .B draw files, the .I draw device provides access to images and font caches in its private storage, as described in .IR draw-intro (2). Each image is identified by a 4-byte integer, its .IR id . .PP Reading the .B ctl file yields 12 strings formatted as in .BR /dev/draw/new , but for the current image rather than the display image. The current image may be set by writing a binary image id to the .B ctl file. .PP A process can write messages to .B data to allocate and free images, fonts, and subfonts; read or write portions of the images; and draw line segments and character strings in the images. All graphics requests are clipped to their images. Some messages return a response to be recovered by reading the .B data file. .PP The .B draw device provides three types of graphical resource: Images, Screens and Fonts. Resource instances have an identification number. Screen identifiers are global to the device. All other identifiers are local to each client. .PP Image is the fundamental resource type on which all drawing primitives are performed. At client connection the physical display is represented by Image 0. .PP A Screen manages a set of (overlapping) Images, handling Z-order and position manipulation and the refreshing of regions uncovered by such operations. When a Screen is created it is associated with an Image on which to render itself. New images can be associated with a screen when they are created; they are then treated as windows on that screen. Screens can be marked as .IR public , meaning that other clients can import their ID and create new windows on them. .PP A Font is an image with associated character data. The Font image provides the bitmap of all the characters in the Font; the character data is used by the string command to render characters from the image. .SS "Command messages" .PP The format of messages written to .B data is a single letter followed by binary parameters; multibyte integers are transmitted with the low order byte first. Points are two four-byte numbers: .IR x , .IR y . Rectangles are four four-byte numbers: min .IR x , min .IR y , max .IR x , and max .IR y . Images, screens, and fonts have 32-bit identifiers. In the discussion of the protocol below, the distinction between identifier and actual image, screen, or font is not made, so that ``the object .IR id '' should be interpreted as ``the object with identifier .IR id ''. The definitions of constants used in the description below can be found in .BR /module/draw.m or .BR /include/draw.h . .PP The following requests are accepted by the .B data file. The numbers in brackets give the length in bytes of the parameters. .HP .5i .B A .IR id [4] .IR imageid [4] .IR fillid [4] .IR public [1] .br Allocate a new .B Screen (see .IR draw-display (2)) with screen identifier .I id using backing store image .IR imageid , filling it initially with data from image .IR fillid . If the .I public byte is non-zero, the screen can be accessed from other processes using the .B publicscreen interface. .HP .B b .IR id [4] .IR screenid [4] .IR refresh [1] .IR chan [4] .IR repl [1] .IR r [4*4] .IR clipr [4*4] .IR color [4] .br Allocate an image with a given .I id on the screen named by .IR screenid . The image will have rectangle .I r and clipping rectangle .IR clipr . If .I repl is non-zero, the image's replicate bit will be set (see .IR draw (2)). .IP .I Refresh specifies the method to be used to draw the window when it is uncovered. .B Refbackup causes the server to maintain a backing store, .B Refnone does not refresh the image, and .B Refmesg causes a message to be sent via the .B refresh file .RI ( q.v. ). .IP The image format is described by .IR chan , a binary version of the channel format string. Specifically, the image format is the catenation of up to four 8-bit numbers, each describing a particular image channel. Each of these 8-bit numbers contains a channel type in its high nibble and a bit count in its low nibble. The channel type is one of .BR CRed , .BR CGreen , .BR CBlue , .BR CGrey , .BR CAlpha , .BR CMap , and .BR CIgnore . See .IR image (6). .IP .I Color is the catenation of four 8-bit numbers specifying the red, green, blue, and alpha channels of the color that the new image should be initially filled with. The red channel is in the highest 8 bits, and the alpha in the lowest. Note that color is always in this format, independent of the image format. .HP .B c .IR dstid [4] .IR repl [1] .IR clipr [4*4] .br Change the replicate bit and clipping rectangle of the image .IR dstid . This overrides whatever settings were specified in the allocate message. .HP .B d .IR dstid [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR maskid [4] .IR dstr [4*4] .IR srcp [2*4] .IR maskp [2*4] .br Use the .B draw operator to combine the rectangle .I dstr of image .I dstid with a rectangle of image .IR srcid , using a rectangle of image .IR maskid as an alpha mask to further control blending. The three rectangles are congruent and aligned such that the upper left corner .I dstr in image .I dstid corresponds to the point .I srcp in image .I srcid and the point .I maskp in image .IR maskid . See .IR draw-image (2). .HP .B D .IR debugon [1] .br If .I debugon is non-zero, enable debugging output. If zero, disable it. The meaning of ``debugging output'' is implementation dependent. .HP .B e .IR dstid [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR c [2*4] .IR a [4] .IR b [4] .IR thick [4] .IR sp [2*4] .IR alpha [4] .IR phi [4] .br Draw an ellipse in image .I dst centered on the point .I c with horizontal and vertical semiaxes .I a and .IR b . The ellipse is drawn using the image .IR src , with the point .I sp in .I src aligned with .I c in .IR dst . The ellipse is drawn with thickness .RI 1+2× thick . .IP If the high bit of .I alpha is set, only the arc of the ellipse from degree angles .I alpha to .I phi is drawn. For the purposes of drawing the arc, .I alpha is treated as a signed 31-bit number by ignoring its high bit. .HP .B E .IR dstid [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR center [2*4] .IR a [4] .IR b [4] .IR thick [4] .IR sp [2*4] .IR alpha [4] .IR phi [4] .br Draws an ellipse or arc as the .B e message, but rather than outlining it, fills the corresponding sector using the image .IR srcid . The .I thick field is ignored, but must be non-negative. .HP .B f .IR id [4] .br Free the resources associated with the image .IR id . .HP .B F .IR id [4] .br Free the the screen with the specified .IR id . Windows on the screen must be freed separately. .HP .B i .IR id [4] .IR n [4] .IR ascent [1] .br Treat the image .I id as a font cache of .I n character cells, each with ascent .IR ascent . .HP .B l .IR cacheid [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR index [2] .IR r [4*4] .IR sp [2*4] .IR left [1] .IR width [1] .br Load a character into the font cache associated with image .I cacheid at cache position .IR index . The character data is drawn in rectangle .I r of the font cache image and is fetched from the congruent rectangle in image .I srcid with upper left corner .IR sp . .I Width specifies the width of the character\(emthe spacing from this character to the next\(emwhile .I left specifies the horizontal distance from the left side of the character to the left side of the cache image. The dimensions of the image of the character are defined by .IR r . .HP .B L .IR dstid [4] .IR p0 [2*4] .IR p1 [2*4] .IR end0 [4] .IR end1 [4] .IR thick [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR sp [2*4] .br Draw a line of thickness .RI 1+2× thick in image .I dstid from point .I p0 to .IR p1 . The line is drawn using the image .IR srcid , translated so that point .I sp in .I srcid aligns with .I p0 in .IR dstid . The .I end0 and .I end1 fields specify whether the corresponding line end should be a square, a disc, or an arrow head. See .I line in .IR draw-image (2) for more details. .HP .B N .IR id [4] .IR in [1] .IR j [1] .IR name [ j ] .br If .I in is non-zero, associate the image .I id with the string .IR name . If .I in is zero and .I name already corresponds to the image .IR id , the association is deleted. .HP .B n .IR id [4] .IR j [1] .IR name [ j ] .br Introduce the identifier .I id to correspond to the image named by the string .IR name . .HP .B o .IR id [4] .IR r.min [2*4] .IR scr [2*4] .br Position the window .I id so that its upper left corner is at the point .I scr on its screen. Simultaneously change its internal (logical) coordinate system so that the point .I log corresponds to the upper left corner of the window. .HP .B p .IR dstid [4] .IR n [2] .IR end0 [4] .IR end1 [4] .IR thick [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR sp [2*4] .IR dp [2*2*(n+1)] .br Draw a polygon of thickness .RI 1+2× thick . It is conceptually equivalent to a series of .I n line-drawing messages (see .B L above) joining adjacent points in the list of points .IR dp . The source image .I srcid is translated so that the point .I sp in .I srcid aligns with the first point in the list .IR dp . The polygon need not be closed: .I end0 and .I end1 specify the line endings for the first and last point on the polygon. All interior lines have rounded ends to make smooth joins. .HP .B P .IR dstid [4] .IR n [2] .IR wind [4] .IR ignore [2*4] .IR srcid [4] .IR sp [2*4] .IR dp [2*2*(n+1)] .br Draw a polygon as the .B p message, but fill it rather than outlining it. The winding rule parameter .I wind resolves ambiguities about what to fill if the polygon is self-intersecting. If .I wind is .BR ~0 , a pixel is inside the polygon if the polygon's winding number about the point is non-zero. If .I wind is .BR 1 , a pixel is inside if the winding number is odd. Complementary values (0 or ~1) cause outside pixels to be filled. The meaning of other values is undefined. The polygon is closed with a line if necessary. .HP .B r .IR id [4] .IR r [4*4] .br Cause the next read of the .B data file to return the image pixel data corresponding to the rectangle .I r in image .IR id . .HP .B s .IR dstid [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR fontid [4] .IR p [2*4] .IR clipr [4*4] .IR sp [2*4] .IR n [2] .IR n*(index [2]) .br Draw in the image .I dstid the text string specified by the .I n cache .I indices into font .IR fontid , starting with the upper left corner at point .I p in image .IR dstid . The image drawn is taken from image .IR srcid , translated to align .I sp in .I srcid with .I dp in .IR dstid. All drawing is confined to the clipping rectangle .I clipr in .IR dstid . .HP .B x .IR dstid [4] .IR srcid [4] .IR fontid [4] .IR dp [2*4] .IR clipr [4*4] .IR sp [2*4] .IR n [2] .IR bgid [4] .IR bp [2*4] .IR n*(index [2]) .br Like the string drawing .B s command, but fill the background of each character with pixels from image .IR bgid . The image .I bgid is translated so that the point .I bp aligns with the point .I dp in .IR dstid . .HP .B S .IR id [4] .IR chan [4] Attach to the public screen with the specified .IR id . It is an error if the screen does not exist, is not public, or does not have the channel descriptor .I chan for its associated image. .HP .B t .IR top [1] .IR n [2] .IR n*id [4] .br Send .I n windows to the top (if .I t is non-zero) or bottom (if .I t is zero) of the window stack. The window is specified by the list of .I n image .IR id s are moved as a group, maintaining their own order within the stack. .HP .B v .br Flush changes from a soft screen, if any, to the display buffer. .HP .B y .IR id [4] .IR r [4*4] .IR buf [x*1] .br .ti -0.5i .B Y .IR id [4] .IR r [4*4] .IR buf [x*1] .br Replace the rectangle .I r of pixels in image .I id with the pixel data in .IR buf . The pixel data must be in the format dictated by .IR id 's image channel descriptor (see .IR image (6)). The .B y message uses uncompressed data, while the .B Y message uses compressed data. In either case, it is an error to include more data than necessary. .ig .PP Reading the .B colormap returns the system color map used on 8-bit displays. Each color map entry consists of a single line containing four space-separated decimal strings. The first is an index into the map, and the remaining three are the red, green, and blue values associated with that index. The color map can be changed by writing entries in the above format to the .B colormap file. Note that changing the system color map does not change the color map used for calculations involving .B m8 images, which is immutable. .. .PP The .B refresh file is read-only. As windows owned by the client are uncovered, if they cannot be refreshed by the server (such as when they have refresh functions associated with them), a message is made available on the .B refresh file reporting what needs to be repainted by the client. The message has five decimal integers formatted as in the .B ctl message: the image id of the window and the coordinates of the rectangle that should be refreshed. .SH SOURCE .B /emu/port/devdraw.c .br .B /emu/*/win.c .br .B /os/port/devdraw.c .br .B /os/*/screen.c .br .B /libmemdraw .SH SEE ALSO .IR draw-intro (2), .IR colour (6), .IR image (6), .IR font (6) .SH DIAGNOSTICS Most messages to .B draw can return errors; these can be detected by a system call error on the .IR write (see .IR sys-read (2)) of the data containing the erroneous message. The most common error is a failure to allocate because of insufficient free resources. Most other errors occur only when the protocol is mishandled by the application. The error string (see .IR sys-intro (2)) will report details. .SH BUGS The .B Refmesg refresh method is not fully implemented. .ig .br The .B colormap files only reference the system color map, and as such should be called .B /dev/colormap rather than .BI /dev/draw/ n /colormap\f1. ..