shithub: femtolisp

Download patch

ref: 92980154dee84747ca798bafe6e05d87519ab665
parent: 1b0eb3b4437a74231451a95225233fada1039876
author: Sigrid Solveig Haflínudóttir <sigrid@ftrv.se>
date: Sat Apr 1 11:46:00 EDT 2023

don't do recursive makefiling

diff: cannot open b/mp//null: file does not exist: 'b/mp//null'
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-/*.[05678qvt]
-/*.o
-/*.out
-/*.a
+*.[05678qvt]
+*.o
+*.out
+*.a
 /flisp
-/llt/*.[05678qvt]
-/llt/*.o
-/llt/*.out
-/llt/*.a
 /flisp.boot.bak
 /flisp.boot.new
 boot.h
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 BIN=${DESTDIR}${PREFIX}/bin
 
 TARG=flisp
-LLT=llt/libllt.a
 CFLAGS?=-O2 -g
 CFLAGS+=-Wall -Wextra -Wno-parentheses -std=c99
 LDFLAGS?=
@@ -16,6 +15,45 @@
 	equalhash.o\
 	table.o\
 	iostream.o\
+	llt/bitvector-ops.o\
+	llt/bitvector.o\
+	llt/dump.o\
+	llt/hashing.o\
+	llt/htable.o\
+	llt/int2str.o\
+	llt/ios.o\
+	llt/lltinit.o\
+	llt/ptrhash.o\
+	llt/random.o\
+	llt/timefuncs.o\
+	llt/utf8.o\
+	mp/mpadd.o\
+	mp/mpaux.o\
+	mp/mpcmp.o\
+	mp/mpdigdiv.o\
+	mp/mpdiv.o\
+	mp/mpfmt.o\
+	mp/mpleft.o\
+	mp/mplogic.o\
+	mp/mpmul.o\
+	mp/mpright.o\
+	mp/mpsub.o\
+	mp/mptobe.o\
+	mp/mptober.o\
+	mp/mptod.o\
+	mp/mptoi.o\
+	mp/mptoui.o\
+	mp/mptouv.o\
+	mp/mptov.o\
+	mp/mpvecadd.o\
+	mp/mpveccmp.o\
+	mp/mpvecdigmuladd.o\
+	mp/mpvecsub.o\
+	mp/mpvectscmp.o\
+	mp/strtomp.o\
+	mp/u16.o\
+	mp/u32.o\
+	mp/u64.o\
 
 .PHONY: all default test clean
 
@@ -26,8 +64,8 @@
 test: ${TARG}
 	cd test && ../$(TARG) unittest.lsp
 
-${TARG}: ${OBJS} ${LLT}
-	${CC} -o $@ ${OBJS} ${LDFLAGS} ${LLT} -lm
+${TARG}: ${OBJS}
+	${CC} -o $@ ${OBJS} ${LDFLAGS} -lm
 
 .SUFFIXES: .c .o
 .c.o:
@@ -42,9 +80,5 @@
 builtin_fns.h:
 	sed -nE 's/^BUILTIN[_]?(\(".*)/BUILTIN_FN\1/gp' *.c >$@
 
-${LLT}:
-	${MAKE} -C llt CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} -I../posix" CC="${CC}"
-
 clean:
-	rm -f *.o ${TARG}
-	${MAKE} -C llt clean
+	rm -f ${OBJS} ${TARG}
--- a/llt/Makefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +1,0 @@
-CFLAGS?=-O2 -pipe -g -Wall -falign-functions -Wno-strict-aliasing
-TARG=libllt.a
-
-OBJS=\
-	bitvector-ops.o\
-	bitvector.o\
-	dump.o\
-	hashing.o\
-	htable.o\
-	int2str.o\
-	ios.o\
-	lltinit.o\
-	ptrhash.o\
-	random.o\
-	timefuncs.o\
-	utf8.o\
-    \
-	mpadd.o\
-	mpaux.o\
-	mpcmp.o\
-	mpdigdiv.o\
-	mpdiv.o\
-	mpfmt.o\
-	mpleft.o\
-	mplogic.o\
-	mpmul.o\
-	mpright.o\
-	mpsub.o\
-	mptobe.o\
-	mptod.o\
-	mptoi.o\
-	mptoui.o\
-	mptouv.o\
-	mptov.o\
-	mpvecadd.o\
-	mpvecdigmuladd.o\
-	mpvecsub.o\
-	strtomp.o\
-	u16.o\
-	u32.o\
-	u64.o\
-    mptober.o\
-    mpveccmp.o\
-    mpvectscmp.o\
-
-.PHONY: all default clean
-
-all: default
-
-default: ${TARG}
-
-clean:
-	rm -f *.o ${TARG}
-
-${TARG}: ${OBJS}
-	${AR} crs ${TARG} ${OBJS}
--- a/llt/mkfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +1,0 @@
-</$objtype/mkfile
-LIB=libllt.$O.a
-
-CFLAGS=$CFLAGS -p -I../plan9 -D__plan9__ -D__${objtype}__
-
-OFILES=\
-	bitvector-ops.$O\
-	bitvector.$O\
-	dump.$O\
-	hashing.$O\
-	htable.$O\
-	int2str.$O\
-	ios.$O\
-	lltinit.$O\
-	ptrhash.$O\
-	random.$O\
-	timefuncs.$O\
-	utf8.$O\
-	wcwidth.$O\
-
-HFILES=\
-	../plan9/platform.h\
-    bitvector.h\
-    htable.h\
-    ieee754.h\
-    ios.h\
-    llt.h\
-    utf8.h\
-
-</sys/src/cmd/mklib
--- a/llt/mpadd.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// sum = abs(b1) + abs(b2), i.e., add the magnitudes
-void
-mpmagadd(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
-{
-	int m, n;
-	mpint *t;
-
-	sum->flags |= (b1->flags | b2->flags) & MPtimesafe;
-
-	// get the sizes right
-	if(b2->top > b1->top){
-		t = b1;
-		b1 = b2;
-		b2 = t;
-	}
-	n = b1->top;
-	m = b2->top;
-	if(n == 0){
-		mpassign(mpzero, sum);
-		return;
-	}
-	if(m == 0){
-		mpassign(b1, sum);
-		sum->sign = 1;
-		return;
-	}
-	mpbits(sum, (n+1)*Dbits);
-	sum->top = n+1;
-
-	mpvecadd(b1->p, n, b2->p, m, sum->p);
-	sum->sign = 1;
-
-	mpnorm(sum);
-}
-
-// sum = b1 + b2
-void
-mpadd(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
-{
-	int sign;
-
-	if(b1->sign != b2->sign){
-		assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | sum->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-		if(b1->sign < 0)
-			mpmagsub(b2, b1, sum);
-		else
-			mpmagsub(b1, b2, sum);
-	} else {
-		sign = b1->sign;
-		mpmagadd(b1, b2, sum);
-		if(sum->top != 0)
-			sum->sign = sign;
-	}
-}
--- a/llt/mpaux.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-static mpdigit _mptwodata[1] = { 2 };
-static mpint _mptwo =
-{
-	1, 1, 1,
-	_mptwodata,
-	MPstatic|MPnorm
-};
-mpint *mptwo = &_mptwo;
-
-static mpdigit _mponedata[1] = { 1 };
-static mpint _mpone =
-{
-	1, 1, 1,
-	_mponedata,
-	MPstatic|MPnorm
-};
-mpint *mpone = &_mpone;
-
-static mpdigit _mpzerodata[1] = { 0 };
-static mpint _mpzero =
-{
-	1, 1, 0,
-	_mpzerodata,
-	MPstatic|MPnorm
-};
-mpint *mpzero = &_mpzero;
-
-static int mpmindigits = 33;
-
-// set minimum digit allocation
-void
-mpsetminbits(int n)
-{
-	if(n < 0)
-		sysfatal("mpsetminbits: n < 0");
-	if(n == 0)
-		n = 1;
-	mpmindigits = DIGITS(n);
-}
-
-// allocate an n bit 0'd number 
-mpint*
-mpnew(int n)
-{
-	mpint *b;
-
-	if(n < 0)
-		sysfatal("mpsetminbits: n < 0");
-
-	n = DIGITS(n);
-	if(n < mpmindigits)
-		n = mpmindigits;
-	b = calloc(1, sizeof(mpint) + n*Dbytes);
-	if(b == nil)
-		sysfatal("mpnew: %r");
-	b->p = (mpdigit*)&b[1];
-	b->size = n;
-	b->sign = 1;
-	b->flags = MPnorm;
-
-	return b;
-}
-
-// guarantee at least n significant bits
-void
-mpbits(mpint *b, int m)
-{
-	int n;
-
-	n = DIGITS(m);
-	if(b->size >= n){
-		if(b->top >= n)
-			return;
-	} else {
-		if(b->p == (mpdigit*)&b[1]){
-			b->p = (mpdigit*)malloc(n*Dbytes);
-			if(b->p == nil)
-				sysfatal("mpbits: %r");
-			memmove(b->p, &b[1], Dbytes*b->top);
-			memset(&b[1], 0, Dbytes*b->size);
-		} else {
-			b->p = (mpdigit*)realloc(b->p, n*Dbytes);
-			if(b->p == nil)
-				sysfatal("mpbits: %r");
-		}
-		b->size = n;
-	}
-	memset(&b->p[b->top], 0, Dbytes*(n - b->top));
-	b->top = n;
-	b->flags &= ~MPnorm;
-}
-
-void
-mpfree(mpint *b)
-{
-	if(b == nil)
-		return;
-	if(b->flags & MPstatic)
-		sysfatal("freeing mp constant");
-	memset(b->p, 0, b->size*Dbytes);
-	if(b->p != (mpdigit*)&b[1])
-		free(b->p);
-	free(b);
-}
-
-mpint*
-mpnorm(mpint *b)
-{
-	int i;
-
-	if(b->flags & MPtimesafe){
-		assert(b->sign == 1);
-		b->flags &= ~MPnorm;
-		return b;
-	}
-	for(i = b->top-1; i >= 0; i--)
-		if(b->p[i] != 0)
-			break;
-	b->top = i+1;
-	if(b->top == 0)
-		b->sign = 1;
-	b->flags |= MPnorm;
-	return b;
-}
-
-mpint*
-mpcopy(mpint *old)
-{
-	mpint *new;
-
-	new = mpnew(Dbits*old->size);
-	new->sign = old->sign;
-	new->top = old->top;
-	new->flags = old->flags & ~(MPstatic|MPfield);
-	memmove(new->p, old->p, Dbytes*old->top);
-	return new;
-}
-
-void
-mpassign(mpint *old, mpint *new)
-{
-	if(new == nil || old == new)
-		return;
-	new->top = 0;
-	mpbits(new, Dbits*old->top);
-	new->sign = old->sign;
-	new->top = old->top;
-	new->flags &= ~MPnorm;
-	new->flags |= old->flags & ~(MPstatic|MPfield);
-	memmove(new->p, old->p, Dbytes*old->top);
-}
-
-// number of significant bits in mantissa
-int
-mpsignif(mpint *n)
-{
-	int i, j;
-	mpdigit d;
-
-	if(n->top == 0)
-		return 0;
-	for(i = n->top-1; i >= 0; i--){
-		d = n->p[i];
-		for(j = Dbits-1; j >= 0; j--){
-			if(d & (((mpdigit)1)<<j))
-				return i*Dbits + j + 1;
-		}
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
-// k, where n = 2**k * q for odd q
-int
-mplowbits0(mpint *n)
-{
-	int k, bit, digit;
-	mpdigit d;
-
-	assert(n->flags & MPnorm);
-	if(n->top==0)
-		return 0;
-	k = 0;
-	bit = 0;
-	digit = 0;
-	d = n->p[0];
-	for(;;){
-		if(d & (1<<bit))
-			break;
-		k++;
-		bit++;
-		if(bit==Dbits){
-			if(++digit >= n->top)
-				return 0;
-			d = n->p[digit];
-			bit = 0;
-		}
-	}
-	return k;
-}
--- a/llt/mpcmp.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// return neg, 0, pos as abs(b1)-abs(b2) is neg, 0, pos
-int
-mpmagcmp(mpint *b1, mpint *b2)
-{
-	int i;
-
-	i = b1->flags | b2->flags;
-	if(i & MPtimesafe)
-		return mpvectscmp(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top);
-	if(i & MPnorm){
-		i = b1->top - b2->top;
-		if(i)
-			return i;
-	}
-	return mpveccmp(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top);
-}
-
-// return neg, 0, pos as b1-b2 is neg, 0, pos
-int
-mpcmp(mpint *b1, mpint *b2)
-{
-	int sign;
-
-	sign = (b1->sign - b2->sign) >> 1;	// -1, 0, 1
-	return sign | (sign&1)-1 & mpmagcmp(b1, b2)*b1->sign;
-}
--- a/llt/mpdigdiv.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-//
-//	divide two digits by one and return quotient
-//
-void
-mpdigdiv(mpdigit *dividend, mpdigit divisor, mpdigit *quotient)
-{
-	mpdigit hi, lo, q, x, y;
-	int i;
-
-	hi = dividend[1];
-	lo = dividend[0];
-
-	// return highest digit value if the result >= 2**32
-	if(hi >= divisor || divisor == 0){
-		divisor = 0;
-		*quotient = ~divisor;
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// very common case
-	if(~divisor == 0){
-		lo += hi;
-		if(lo < hi){
-			hi++;
-			lo++;
-		}
-		if(lo+1 == 0)
-			hi++;
-		*quotient = hi;
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// at this point we know that hi < divisor
-	// just shift and subtract till we're done
-	q = 0;
-	x = divisor;
-	for(i = Dbits-1; hi > 0 && i >= 0; i--){
-		x >>= 1;
-		if(x > hi)
-			continue;
-		y = divisor<<i;
-		if(x == hi && y > lo)
-			continue;
-		if(y > lo)
-			hi--;
-		lo -= y;
-		hi -= x;
-		q |= 1U<<i;
-	}
-	q += lo/divisor;
-	*quotient = q;
-}
--- a/llt/mpdiv.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// division ala knuth, seminumerical algorithms, pp 237-238
-// the numbers are stored backwards to what knuth expects so j
-// counts down rather than up.
-
-void
-mpdiv(mpint *dividend, mpint *divisor, mpint *quotient, mpint *remainder)
-{
-	int j, s, vn, sign, qsign, rsign;
-	mpdigit qd, *up, *vp, *qp;
-	mpint *u, *v, *t;
-
-	assert(quotient != remainder);
-	assert(divisor->flags & MPnorm);
-
-	// divide bv zero
-	if(divisor->top == 0)
-		abort();
-
-	// division by one or small powers of two
-	if(divisor->top == 1 && (divisor->p[0] & divisor->p[0]-1) == 0){
-		vlong r = 0;
-		if(dividend->top > 0)
-			r = (vlong)dividend->sign * (dividend->p[0] & divisor->p[0]-1);
-		if(quotient != nil){
-			sign = divisor->sign;
-			for(s = 0; ((divisor->p[0] >> s) & 1) == 0; s++)
-				;
-			mpright(dividend, s, quotient);
-			if(sign < 0)
-				quotient->sign ^= (-mpmagcmp(quotient, mpzero) >> 31) << 1;
-		}
-		if(remainder != nil){
-			remainder->flags |= dividend->flags & MPtimesafe;
-			vtomp(r, remainder);
-		}
-		return;
-	}
-	assert((dividend->flags & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-
-	// quick check
-	if(mpmagcmp(dividend, divisor) < 0){
-		if(remainder != nil)
-			mpassign(dividend, remainder);
-		if(quotient != nil)
-			mpassign(mpzero, quotient);
-		return;
-	}
-	
-	qsign = divisor->sign * dividend->sign;
-	rsign = dividend->sign;
-
-	// D1: shift until divisor, v, has hi bit set (needed to make trial
-	//     divisor accurate)
-	qd = divisor->p[divisor->top-1];
-	for(s = 0; (qd & mpdighi) == 0; s++)
-		qd <<= 1;
-	u = mpnew((dividend->top+2)*Dbits + s);
-	if(s == 0 && divisor != quotient && divisor != remainder) {
-		mpassign(dividend, u);
-		v = divisor;
-	} else {
-		mpleft(dividend, s, u);
-		v = mpnew(divisor->top*Dbits);
-		mpleft(divisor, s, v);
-	}
-	up = u->p+u->top-1;
-	vp = v->p+v->top-1;
-	vn = v->top;
-
-	// D1a: make sure high digit of dividend is less than high digit of divisor
-	if(*up >= *vp){
-		*++up = 0;
-		u->top++;
-	}
-
-	// storage for multiplies
-	t = mpnew(4*Dbits);
-
-	qp = nil;
-	if(quotient != nil){
-		mpbits(quotient, (u->top - v->top)*Dbits);
-		quotient->top = u->top - v->top;
-		qp = quotient->p+quotient->top-1;
-	}
-
-	// D2, D7: loop on length of dividend
-	for(j = u->top; j > vn; j--){
-
-		// D3: calculate trial divisor
-		mpdigdiv(up-1, *vp, &qd);
-
-		// D3a: rule out trial divisors 2 greater than real divisor
-		if(vn > 1) for(;;){
-			memset(t->p, 0, 3*Dbytes);	// mpvecdigmuladd adds to what's there
-			mpvecdigmuladd(vp-1, 2, qd, t->p);
-			if(mpveccmp(t->p, 3, up-2, 3) > 0)
-				qd--;
-			else
-				break;
-		}
-
-		// D4: u -= v*qd << j*Dbits
-		sign = mpvecdigmulsub(v->p, vn, qd, up-vn);
-		if(sign < 0){
-
-			// D6: trial divisor was too high, add back borrowed
-			//     value and decrease divisor
-			mpvecadd(up-vn, vn+1, v->p, vn, up-vn);
-			qd--;
-		}
-
-		// D5: save quotient digit
-		if(qp != nil)
-			*qp-- = qd;
-
-		// push top of u down one
-		u->top--;
-		*up-- = 0;
-	}
-	if(qp != nil){
-		assert((quotient->flags & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-		mpnorm(quotient);
-		if(quotient->top != 0)
-			quotient->sign = qsign;
-	}
-
-	if(remainder != nil){
-		assert((remainder->flags & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-		mpright(u, s, remainder);	// u is the remainder shifted
-		if(remainder->top != 0)
-			remainder->sign = rsign;
-	}
-
-	mpfree(t);
-	mpfree(u);
-	if(v != divisor)
-		mpfree(v);
-}
--- a/llt/mpfmt.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,207 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-static int
-toencx(mpint *b, char *buf, int len, int (*enc)(char*, int, uchar*, int))
-{
-	uchar *p;
-	int n, rv;
-
-	p = nil;
-	n = mptobe(b, nil, 0, &p);
-	if(n < 0)
-		return -1;
-	rv = (*enc)(buf, len, p, n);
-	free(p);
-	return rv;
-}
-
-static int
-topow2(mpint *b, char *buf, int len, int s)
-{
-	mpdigit *p, x;
-	int i, j, sn;
-	char *out, *eout;
-
-	if(len < 1)
-		return -1;
-
-	sn = 1<<s;
-	out = buf;
-	eout = buf+len;
-	for(p = &b->p[b->top-1]; p >= b->p; p--){
-		x = *p;
-		for(i = Dbits-s; i >= 0; i -= s){
-			j = x >> i & sn - 1;
-			if(j != 0 || out != buf){
-				if(out >= eout)
-					return -1;
-				*out++ = enc16chr(j);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if(out == buf)
-		*out++ = '0';
-	if(out >= eout)
-		return -1;
-	*out = 0;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static char*
-modbillion(int rem, ulong r, char *out, char *buf)
-{
-	ulong rr;
-	int i;
-
-	for(i = 0; i < 9; i++){
-		rr = r%10;
-		r /= 10;
-		if(out <= buf)
-			return nil;
-		*--out = '0' + rr;
-		if(rem == 0 && r == 0)
-			break;
-	}
-	return out;
-}
-
-static int
-to10(mpint *b, char *buf, int len)
-{
-	mpint *d, *r, *billion;
-	char *out;
-
-	if(len < 1)
-		return -1;
-
-	d = mpcopy(b);
-	d->flags &= ~MPtimesafe;
-	mpnorm(d);
-	r = mpnew(0);
-	billion = uitomp(1000000000, nil);
-	out = buf+len;
-	*--out = 0;
-	do {
-		mpdiv(d, billion, d, r);
-		out = modbillion(d->top, r->p[0], out, buf);
-		if(out == nil)
-			break;
-	} while(d->top != 0);
-	mpfree(d);
-	mpfree(r);
-	mpfree(billion);
-
-	if(out == nil)
-		return -1;
-	len -= out-buf;
-	if(out != buf)
-		memmove(buf, out, len);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-to8(mpint *b, char *buf, int len)
-{
-	mpdigit x, y;
-	char *out;
-	int i, j;
-
-	if(len < 2)
-		return -1;
-
-	out = buf+len;
-	*--out = 0;
-
-	i = j = 0;
-	x = y = 0;
-	while(j < b->top){
-		y = b->p[j++];
-		if(i > 0)
-			x |= y << i;
-		else
-			x = y;
-		i += Dbits;
-		while(i >= 3){
-Digout:			i -= 3;
-			if(out > buf)
-				out--;
-			else if(x != 0)
-				return -1;
-			*out = '0' + (x & 7);
-			x = y >> (Dbits-i);
-		}
-	}
-	if(i > 0)
-		goto Digout;
-
-	while(*out == '0') out++;
-	if(*out == '\0')
-		*--out = '0';
-
-	len -= out-buf;
-	if(out != buf)
-		memmove(buf, out, len);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-char*
-mptoa(mpint *b, int base, char *buf, int len)
-{
-	char *out;
-	int rv, alloced;
-
-	if(base == 0)
-		base = 16;	/* default */
-	alloced = 0;
-	if(buf == nil){
-		/* rv <= log₂(base) */
-		for(rv=1; (base >> rv) > 1; rv++)
-			;
-		len = 10 + (b->top*Dbits / rv);
-		buf = malloc(len);
-		if(buf == nil)
-			return nil;
-		alloced = 1;
-	}
-
-	if(len < 2)
-		return nil;
-
-	out = buf;
-	if(b->sign < 0){
-		*out++ = '-';
-		len--;
-	}
-	switch(base){
-	case 64:
-		rv = toencx(b, out, len, enc64);
-		break;
-	case 32:
-		rv = toencx(b, out, len, enc32);
-		break;
-	case 16:
-		rv = topow2(b, out, len, 4);
-		break;
-	case 10:
-		rv = to10(b, out, len);
-		break;
-	case 8:
-		rv = to8(b, out, len);
-		break;
-	case 4:
-		rv = topow2(b, out, len, 2);
-		break;
-	case 2:
-		rv = topow2(b, out, len, 1);
-		break;
-	default:
-		abort();
-		return nil;
-	}
-	if(rv < 0){
-		if(alloced)
-			free(buf);
-		return nil;
-	}
-	return buf;
-}
--- a/llt/mpleft.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// res = b << shift
-void
-mpleft(mpint *b, int shift, mpint *res)
-{
-	int d, l, r, i, otop;
-	mpdigit this, last;
-
-	res->sign = b->sign;
-	if(b->top==0){
-		res->top = 0;
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// a zero or negative left shift is a right shift
-	if(shift <= 0){
-		mpright(b, -shift, res);
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// b and res may be the same so remember the old top
-	otop = b->top;
-
-	// shift
-	mpbits(res, otop*Dbits + shift);	// overkill
-	res->top = DIGITS(otop*Dbits + shift);
-	d = shift/Dbits;
-	l = shift - d*Dbits;
-	r = Dbits - l;
-
-	if(l == 0){
-		for(i = otop-1; i >= 0; i--)
-			res->p[i+d] = b->p[i];
-	} else {
-		last = 0;
-		for(i = otop-1; i >= 0; i--) {
-			this = b->p[i];
-			res->p[i+d+1] = (last<<l) | (this>>r);
-			last = this;
-		}
-		res->p[d] = last<<l;
-	}
-	for(i = 0; i < d; i++)
-		res->p[i] = 0;
-
-	res->flags |= b->flags & MPtimesafe;
-	mpnorm(res);
-}
--- a/llt/mplogic.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,210 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-/*
-	mplogic calculates b1|b2 subject to the
-	following flag bits (fl)
-
-	bit 0: subtract 1 from b1
-	bit 1: invert b1
-	bit 2: subtract 1 from b2
-	bit 3: invert b2
-	bit 4: add 1 to output
-	bit 5: invert output
-	
-	it inverts appropriate bits automatically
-	depending on the signs of the inputs
-*/
-
-static void
-mplogic(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum, int fl)
-{
-	mpint *t;
-	mpdigit *dp1, *dp2, *dpo, d1, d2, d;
-	int c1, c2, co;
-	int i;
-
-	assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | sum->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-	if(b1->sign < 0) fl ^= 0x03;
-	if(b2->sign < 0) fl ^= 0x0c;
-	sum->sign = (int)(((fl|fl>>2)^fl>>4)<<30)>>31|1;
-	if(sum->sign < 0) fl ^= 0x30;
-	if(b2->top > b1->top){
-		t = b1;
-		b1 = b2;
-		b2 = t;
-		fl = fl >> 2 & 0x03 | fl << 2 & 0x0c | fl & 0x30;
-	}
-	mpbits(sum, b1->top*Dbits+1);
-	dp1 = b1->p;
-	dp2 = b2->p;
-	dpo = sum->p;
-	c1 = fl & 1;
-	c2 = fl >> 2 & 1;
-	co = fl >> 4 & 1;
-	for(i = 0; i < b1->top; i++){
-		d1 = dp1[i] - c1;
-		if(i < b2->top)
-			d2 = dp2[i] - c2;
-		else
-			d2 = 0;
-		if(d1 != (mpdigit)-1) c1 = 0;
-		if(d2 != (mpdigit)-1) c2 = 0;
-		if((fl & 2) != 0) d1 ^= -1;
-		if((fl & 8) != 0) d2 ^= -1;
-		d = d1 | d2;
-		if((fl & 32) != 0) d ^= -1;
-		d += co;
-		if(d != 0) co = 0;
-		dpo[i] = d;
-	}
-	sum->top = i;
-	if(co)
-		dpo[sum->top++] = co;
-	mpnorm(sum);
-}
-
-void
-mpor(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
-{
-	mplogic(b1, b2, sum, 0);
-}
-
-void
-mpand(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
-{
-	mplogic(b1, b2, sum, 0x2a);
-}
-
-void
-mpbic(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
-{
-	mplogic(b1, b2, sum, 0x22);
-}
-
-void
-mpnot(mpint *b, mpint *r)
-{
-	mpadd(b, mpone, r);
-	if(r->top != 0)
-		r->sign ^= -2;
-}
-
-void
-mpxor(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
-{
-	mpint *t;
-	mpdigit *dp1, *dp2, *dpo, d1, d2, d;
-	int c1, c2, co;
-	int i, fl;
-
-	assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | sum->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-	if(b2->top > b1->top){
-		t = b1;
-		b1 = b2;
-		b2 = t;
-	}
-	fl = (b1->sign & 10) ^ (b2->sign & 12);
-	sum->sign = (int)(fl << 28) >> 31 | 1;
-	mpbits(sum, b1->top*Dbits+1);
-	dp1 = b1->p;
-	dp2 = b2->p;
-	dpo = sum->p;
-	c1 = fl >> 1 & 1;
-	c2 = fl >> 2 & 1;
-	co = fl >> 3 & 1;
-	for(i = 0; i < b1->top; i++){
-		d1 = dp1[i] - c1;
-		if(i < b2->top)
-			d2 = dp2[i] - c2;
-		else
-			d2 = 0;
-		if(d1 != (mpdigit)-1) c1 = 0;
-		if(d2 != (mpdigit)-1) c2 = 0;
-		d = d1 ^ d2;
-		d += co;
-		if(d != 0) co = 0;
-		dpo[i] = d;
-	}
-	sum->top = i;
-	if(co)
-		dpo[sum->top++] = co;
-	mpnorm(sum);
-}
-
-void
-mptrunc(mpint *b, int n, mpint *r)
-{
-	int d, m, i, c;
-
-	assert(((b->flags | r->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-	mpbits(r, n);
-	r->top = DIGITS(n);
-	d = n / Dbits;
-	m = n % Dbits;
-	if(b->sign == -1){
-		c = 1;
-		for(i = 0; i < r->top; i++){
-			if(i < b->top)
-				r->p[i] = ~(b->p[i] - c);
-			else
-				r->p[i] = -1;
-			if(r->p[i] != 0)
-				c = 0;
-		}
-		if(m != 0)
-			r->p[d] &= (1<<m) - 1;
-	}else if(b->sign == 1){
-		if(d >= b->top){
-			mpassign(b, r);
-			mpnorm(r);
-			return;
-		}
-		if(b != r)
-			for(i = 0; i < d; i++)
-				r->p[i] = b->p[i];
-		if(m != 0)
-			r->p[d] = b->p[d] & (1<<m)-1;
-	}
-	r->sign = 1;
-	mpnorm(r);
-}
-
-void
-mpxtend(mpint *b, int n, mpint *r)
-{
-	int d, m, c, i;
-
-	d = (n - 1) / Dbits;
-	m = (n - 1) % Dbits;
-	if(d >= b->top){
-		mpassign(b, r);
-		return;
-	}
-	mptrunc(b, n, r);
-	mpbits(r, n);
-	if((r->p[d] & 1<<m) == 0){
-		mpnorm(r);
-		return;
-	}
-	r->p[d] |= -(1<<m);
-	r->sign = -1;
-	c = 1;
-	for(i = 0; i < r->top; i++){
-		r->p[i] = ~(r->p[i] - c);
-		if(r->p[i] != 0)
-			c = 0;
-	}
-	mpnorm(r);
-}
-
-void
-mpasr(mpint *b, int n, mpint *r)
-{
-	if(b->sign > 0 || n <= 0){
-		mpright(b, n, r);
-		return;
-	}
-	mpadd(b, mpone, r);
-	mpright(r, n, r);
-	mpsub(r, mpone, r);
-}
--- a/llt/mpmul.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-//
-//  from knuth's 1969 seminumberical algorithms, pp 233-235 and pp 258-260
-//
-//  mpvecmul is an assembly language routine that performs the inner
-//  loop.
-//
-//  the karatsuba trade off is set empiricly by measuring the algs on
-//  a 400 MHz Pentium II.
-//
-
-// karatsuba like (see knuth pg 258)
-// prereq: p is already zeroed
-static void
-mpkaratsuba(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *p)
-{
-	mpdigit *t, *u0, *u1, *v0, *v1, *u0v0, *u1v1, *res, *diffprod;
-	int u0len, u1len, v0len, v1len, reslen;
-	int sign, n;
-
-	// divide each piece in half
-	n = alen/2;
-	if(alen&1)
-		n++;
-	u0len = n;
-	u1len = alen-n;
-	if(blen > n){
-		v0len = n;
-		v1len = blen-n;
-	} else {
-		v0len = blen;
-		v1len = 0;
-	}
-	u0 = a;
-	u1 = a + u0len;
-	v0 = b;
-	v1 = b + v0len;
-
-	// room for the partial products
-	t = calloc(1, Dbytes*5*(2*n+1));
-	if(t == nil)
-		sysfatal("mpkaratsuba: %r");
-	u0v0 = t;
-	u1v1 = t + (2*n+1);
-	diffprod = t + 2*(2*n+1);
-	res = t + 3*(2*n+1);
-	reslen = 4*n+1;
-
-	// t[0] = (u1-u0)
-	sign = 1;
-	if(mpveccmp(u1, u1len, u0, u0len) < 0){
-		sign = -1;
-		mpvecsub(u0, u0len, u1, u1len, u0v0);
-	} else
-		mpvecsub(u1, u1len, u0, u1len, u0v0);
-
-	// t[1] = (v0-v1)
-	if(mpveccmp(v0, v0len, v1, v1len) < 0){
-		sign *= -1;
-		mpvecsub(v1, v1len, v0, v1len, u1v1);
-	} else
-		mpvecsub(v0, v0len, v1, v1len, u1v1);
-
-	// t[4:5] = (u1-u0)*(v0-v1)
-	mpvecmul(u0v0, u0len, u1v1, v0len, diffprod);
-
-	// t[0:1] = u1*v1
-	memset(t, 0, 2*(2*n+1)*Dbytes);
-	if(v1len > 0)
-		mpvecmul(u1, u1len, v1, v1len, u1v1);
-
-	// t[2:3] = u0v0
-	mpvecmul(u0, u0len, v0, v0len, u0v0);
-
-	// res = u0*v0<<n + u0*v0
-	mpvecadd(res, reslen, u0v0, u0len+v0len, res);
-	mpvecadd(res+n, reslen-n, u0v0, u0len+v0len, res+n);
-
-	// res += u1*v1<<n + u1*v1<<2*n
-	if(v1len > 0){
-		mpvecadd(res+n, reslen-n, u1v1, u1len+v1len, res+n);
-		mpvecadd(res+2*n, reslen-2*n, u1v1, u1len+v1len, res+2*n);
-	}
-
-	// res += (u1-u0)*(v0-v1)<<n
-	if(sign < 0)
-		mpvecsub(res+n, reslen-n, diffprod, u0len+v0len, res+n);
-	else
-		mpvecadd(res+n, reslen-n, diffprod, u0len+v0len, res+n);
-	memmove(p, res, (alen+blen)*Dbytes);
-
-	free(t);
-}
-
-#define KARATSUBAMIN 32
-
-void
-mpvecmul(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *p)
-{
-	int i;
-	mpdigit d;
-	mpdigit *t;
-
-	// both mpvecdigmuladd and karatsuba are fastest when a is the longer vector
-	if(alen < blen){
-		i = alen;
-		alen = blen;
-		blen = i;
-		t = a;
-		a = b;
-		b = t;
-	}
-
-	if(alen >= KARATSUBAMIN && blen > 1){
-		// O(n^1.585)
-		mpkaratsuba(a, alen, b, blen, p);
-	} else {
-		// O(n^2)
-		for(i = 0; i < blen; i++){
-			d = b[i];
-			if(d != 0)
-				mpvecdigmuladd(a, alen, d, &p[i]);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-void
-mpvectsmul(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *p)
-{
-	int i;
-	mpdigit *t;
-
-	if(alen < blen){
-		i = alen;
-		alen = blen;
-		blen = i;
-		t = a;
-		a = b;
-		b = t;
-	}
-	if(blen == 0)
-		return;
-	for(i = 0; i < blen; i++)
-		mpvecdigmuladd(a, alen, b[i], &p[i]);
-}
-
-void
-mpmul(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *prod)
-{
-	mpint *oprod;
-
-	oprod = prod;
-	if(prod == b1 || prod == b2){
-		prod = mpnew(0);
-		prod->flags = oprod->flags;
-	}
-	prod->flags |= (b1->flags | b2->flags) & MPtimesafe;
-
-	prod->top = 0;
-	mpbits(prod, (b1->top+b2->top+1)*Dbits);
-	if(prod->flags & MPtimesafe)
-		mpvectsmul(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top, prod->p);
-	else
-		mpvecmul(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top, prod->p);
-	prod->top = b1->top+b2->top+1;
-	prod->sign = b1->sign*b2->sign;
-	mpnorm(prod);
-
-	if(oprod != prod){
-		mpassign(prod, oprod);
-		mpfree(prod);
-	}
-}
--- a/llt/mpright.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// res = b >> shift
-void
-mpright(mpint *b, int shift, mpint *res)
-{
-	int d, l, r, i;
-	mpdigit this, last;
-
-	res->sign = b->sign;
-	if(b->top==0){
-		res->top = 0;
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// a negative right shift is a left shift
-	if(shift < 0){
-		mpleft(b, -shift, res);
-		return;
-	}
-
-	if(res != b)
-		mpbits(res, b->top*Dbits - shift);
-	else if(shift == 0)
-		return;
-
-	d = shift/Dbits;
-	r = shift - d*Dbits;
-	l = Dbits - r;
-
-	//  shift all the bits out == zero
-	if(d>=b->top){
-		res->sign = 1;
-		res->top = 0;
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// special case digit shifts
-	if(r == 0){
-		for(i = 0; i < b->top-d; i++)
-			res->p[i] = b->p[i+d];
-	} else {
-		last = b->p[d];
-		for(i = 0; i < b->top-d-1; i++){
-			this = b->p[i+d+1];
-			res->p[i] = (this<<l) | (last>>r);
-			last = this;
-		}
-		res->p[i++] = last>>r;
-	}
-
-	res->top = i;
-	res->flags |= b->flags & MPtimesafe;
-	mpnorm(res);
-}
--- a/llt/mpsub.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// diff = abs(b1) - abs(b2), i.e., subtract the magnitudes
-void
-mpmagsub(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *diff)
-{
-	int n, m, sign;
-	mpint *t;
-
-	// get the sizes right
-	if(mpmagcmp(b1, b2) < 0){
-		assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | diff->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-		sign = -1;
-		t = b1;
-		b1 = b2;
-		b2 = t;
-	} else {
-		diff->flags |= (b1->flags | b2->flags) & MPtimesafe;
-		sign = 1;
-	}
-	n = b1->top;
-	m = b2->top;
-	if(m == 0){
-		mpassign(b1, diff);
-		diff->sign = sign;
-		return;
-	}
-	mpbits(diff, n*Dbits);
-
-	mpvecsub(b1->p, n, b2->p, m, diff->p);
-	diff->sign = sign;
-	diff->top = n;
-	mpnorm(diff);
-}
-
-// diff = b1 - b2
-void
-mpsub(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *diff)
-{
-	int sign;
-
-	if(b1->sign != b2->sign){
-		assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | diff->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
-		sign = b1->sign;
-		mpmagadd(b1, b2, diff);
-		diff->sign = sign;
-		return;
-	}
-
-	sign = b1->sign;
-	mpmagsub(b1, b2, diff);
-	if(diff->top != 0)
-		diff->sign *= sign;
-}
--- a/llt/mptobe.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// convert an mpint into a big endian byte array (most significant byte first; left adjusted)
-//   return number of bytes converted
-//   if p == nil, allocate and result array
-int
-mptobe(mpint *b, uchar *p, uint n, uchar **pp)
-{
-	uint m;
-
-	m = (mpsignif(b)+7)/8;
-	if(m == 0)
-		m++;
-	if(p == nil){
-		n = m;
-		p = malloc(n);
-		if(p == nil)
-			sysfatal("mptobe: %r");
-	} else {
-		if(n < m)
-			return -1;
-		if(n > m)
-			memset(p+m, 0, n-m);
-	}
-	if(pp != nil)
-		*pp = p;
-	mptober(b, p, m);
-	return m;
-}
--- a/llt/mptober.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-void
-mptober(mpint *b, uchar *p, int n)
-{
-	int i, j, m;
-	mpdigit x;
-
-	memset(p, 0, n);
-
-	p += n;
-	m = b->top*Dbytes;
-	if(m < n)
-		n = m;
-
-	i = 0;
-	while(n >= Dbytes){
-		n -= Dbytes;
-		x = b->p[i++];
-		for(j = 0; j < Dbytes; j++){
-			*--p = x;
-			x >>= 8;
-		}
-	}
-	if(n > 0){
-		x = b->p[i];
-		for(j = 0; j < n; j++){
-			*--p = x;
-			x >>= 8;
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/llt/mptod.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-extern double D_PINF, D_NINF;
-
-double
-mptod(mpint *a)
-{
-	u64int v;
-	mpdigit w, r;
-	int sf, i, n, m, s;
-	FPdbleword x;
-	
-	if(a->top == 0) return 0.0;
-	sf = mpsignif(a);
-	if(sf > 1024) return a->sign < 0 ? D_NINF : D_PINF;
-	i = a->top - 1;
-	v = a->p[i];
-	n = sf & Dbits - 1;
-	n |= n - 1 & Dbits;
-	r = 0;
-	if(n > 54){
-		s = n - 54;
-		r = v & (1<<s) - 1;
-		v >>= s;
-	}
-	while(n < 54){
-		if(--i < 0)
-			w = 0;
-		else
-			w = a->p[i];
-		m = 54 - n;
-		if(m > Dbits) m = Dbits;
-		s = Dbits - m & Dbits - 1;
-		v = v << m | w >> s;
-		r = w & (1<<s) - 1;
-		n += m;
-	}
-	if((v & 3) == 1){
-		while(--i >= 0)
-			r |= a->p[i];
-		if(r != 0)
-			v++;
-	}else
-		v++;
-	v >>= 1;
-	while((v >> 53) != 0){
-		v >>= 1;
-		if(++sf > 1024)
-			return a->sign < 0 ? D_NINF : D_PINF;
-	}
-	x.lo = v;
-	x.hi = (u32int)(v >> 32) & (1<<20) - 1 | (sf + 1022) << 20 | a->sign & 1<<31;
-	return x.x;
-}
-
-mpint *
-dtomp(double d, mpint *a)
-{
-	FPdbleword x;
-	uvlong v;
-	int e;
-
-	if(a == nil)
-		a = mpnew(0);
-	x.x = d;
-	e = x.hi >> 20 & 2047;
-	assert(e != 2047);
-	if(e < 1022){
-		mpassign(mpzero, a);
-		return a;
-	}
-	v = x.lo | (uvlong)(x.hi & (1<<20) - 1) << 32 | 1ULL<<52;
-	if(e < 1075){
-		v += (1ULL<<(1074 - e)) - (~v >> (1075 - e) & 1);
-		v >>= 1075 - e;
-	}
-	uvtomp(v, a);
-	if(e > 1075)
-		mpleft(a, e - 1075, a);
-	if((int)x.hi < 0)
-		a->sign = -1;
-	return a;
-}
--- a/llt/mptoi.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-/*
- *  this code assumes that mpdigit is at least as
- *  big as an int.
- */
-
-mpint*
-itomp(int i, mpint *b)
-{
-	if(b == nil){
-		b = mpnew(0);
-	}
-	b->sign = (i >> (sizeof(i)*8 - 1)) | 1;
-	i *= b->sign;
-	*b->p = i;
-	b->top = 1;
-	return mpnorm(b);
-}
-
-int
-mptoi(mpint *b)
-{
-	uint x;
-
-	if(b->top==0)
-		return 0;
-	x = *b->p;
-	if(b->sign > 0){
-		if(b->top > 1 || (x > MAXINT))
-			x = (int)MAXINT;
-		else
-			x = (int)x;
-	} else {
-		if(b->top > 1 || x > MAXINT+1)
-			x = (int)MININT;
-		else
-			x = -(int)x;
-	}
-	return x;
-}
--- a/llt/mptoui.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-/*
- *  this code assumes that mpdigit is at least as
- *  big as an int.
- */
-
-mpint*
-uitomp(uint i, mpint *b)
-{
-	if(b == nil){
-		b = mpnew(0);
-	}
-	*b->p = i;
-	b->top = 1;
-	b->sign = 1;
-	return mpnorm(b);
-}
-
-uint
-mptoui(mpint *b)
-{
-	uint x;
-
-	x = *b->p;
-	if(b->sign < 0)
-		x = 0;
-	else if(b->top > 1 || (sizeof(mpdigit) > sizeof(uint) && x > MAXUINT))
-		x =  MAXUINT;
-	return x;
-}
--- a/llt/mptouv.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-#define VLDIGITS (int)(sizeof(vlong)/sizeof(mpdigit))
-
-/*
- *  this code assumes that a vlong is an integral number of
- *  mpdigits long.
- */
-mpint*
-uvtomp(uvlong v, mpint *b)
-{
-	int s;
-
-	if(b == nil){
-		b = mpnew(VLDIGITS*Dbits);
-	}else
-		mpbits(b, VLDIGITS*Dbits);
-	b->sign = 1;
-	for(s = 0; s < VLDIGITS; s++){
-		b->p[s] = v;
-		v >>= sizeof(mpdigit)*8;
-	}
-	b->top = s;
-	return mpnorm(b);
-}
-
-uvlong
-mptouv(mpint *b)
-{
-	uvlong v;
-	int s;
-
-	if(b->top == 0 || b->sign < 0)
-		return 0LL;
-
-	if(b->top > VLDIGITS)
-		return -1LL;
-
-	v = 0ULL;
-	for(s = 0; s < b->top; s++)
-		v |= (uvlong)b->p[s]<<(s*sizeof(mpdigit)*8);
-
-	return v;
-}
--- a/llt/mptov.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-#define VLDIGITS (int)(sizeof(vlong)/sizeof(mpdigit))
-
-/*
- *  this code assumes that a vlong is an integral number of
- *  mpdigits long.
- */
-mpint*
-vtomp(vlong v, mpint *b)
-{
-	int s;
-	uvlong uv;
-
-	if(b == nil){
-		b = mpnew(VLDIGITS*Dbits);
-	}else
-		mpbits(b, VLDIGITS*Dbits);
-	b->sign = (v >> (sizeof(v)*8 - 1)) | 1;
-	uv = v * b->sign;
-	for(s = 0; s < VLDIGITS; s++){
-		b->p[s] = uv;
-		uv >>= sizeof(mpdigit)*8;
-	}
-	b->top = s;
-	return mpnorm(b);
-}
-
-vlong
-mptov(mpint *b)
-{
-	uvlong v;
-	int s;
-
-	if(b->top == 0)
-		return 0LL;
-
-	if(b->top > VLDIGITS){
-		if(b->sign > 0)
-			return (vlong)MAXVLONG;
-		else
-			return (vlong)MINVLONG;
-	}
-
-	v = 0ULL;
-	for(s = 0; s < b->top; s++)
-		v |= (uvlong)b->p[s]<<(s*sizeof(mpdigit)*8);
-
-	if(b->sign > 0){
-		if(v > MAXVLONG)
-			v = MAXVLONG;
-	} else {
-		if(v > MINVLONG)
-			v = MINVLONG;
-		else
-			v = -(vlong)v;
-	}
-
-	return (vlong)v;
-}
--- a/llt/mpvecadd.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// prereq: alen >= blen, sum has at least blen+1 digits
-void
-mpvecadd(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *sum)
-{
-	int i;
-	uint carry;
-	mpdigit x, y;
-
-	carry = 0;
-	for(i = 0; i < blen; i++){
-		x = *a++;
-		y = *b++;
-		x += carry;
-		if(x < carry)
-			carry = 1;
-		else
-			carry = 0;
-		x += y;
-		if(x < y)
-			carry++;
-		*sum++ = x;
-	}
-	for(; i < alen; i++){
-		x = *a++ + carry;
-		if(x < carry)
-			carry = 1;
-		else
-			carry = 0;
-		*sum++ = x;
-	}
-	*sum = carry;
-}
--- a/llt/mpveccmp.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-int
-mpveccmp(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen)
-{
-	mpdigit x;
-
-	while(alen > blen)
-		if(a[--alen] != 0)
-			return 1;
-	while(blen > alen)
-		if(b[--blen] != 0)
-			return -1;
-	while(alen > 0){
-		--alen;
-		x = a[alen] - b[alen];
-		if(x == 0)
-			continue;
-		if(x > a[alen])
-			return -1;
-		else
-			return 1;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
--- a/llt/mpvecdigmuladd.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-#define LO(x) ((x) & ((1<<(Dbits/2))-1))
-#define HI(x) ((x) >> (Dbits/2))
-
-static void
-mpdigmul(mpdigit a, mpdigit b, mpdigit *p)
-{
-	mpdigit x, ah, al, bh, bl, p1, p2, p3, p4;
-	int carry;
-
-	// half digits
-	ah = HI(a);
-	al = LO(a);
-	bh = HI(b);
-	bl = LO(b);
-
-	// partial products
-	p1 = ah*bl;
-	p2 = bh*al;
-	p3 = bl*al;
-	p4 = ah*bh;
-
-	// p = ((p1+p2)<<(Dbits/2)) + (p4<<Dbits) + p3
-	carry = 0;
-	x = p1<<(Dbits/2);
-	p3 += x;
-	if(p3 < x)
-		carry++;
-	x = p2<<(Dbits/2);
-	p3 += x;
-	if(p3 < x)
-		carry++;
-	p4 += carry + HI(p1) + HI(p2);	// can't carry out of the high digit
-	p[0] = p3;
-	p[1] = p4;
-}
-
-// prereq: p must have room for n+1 digits
-void
-mpvecdigmuladd(mpdigit *b, int n, mpdigit m, mpdigit *p)
-{
-	int i;
-	mpdigit carry, x, y, part[2];
-
-	carry = 0;
-	part[1] = 0;
-	for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
-		x = part[1] + carry;
-		if(x < carry)
-			carry = 1;
-		else
-			carry = 0;
-		y = *p;
-		mpdigmul(*b++, m, part);
-		x += part[0];
-		if(x < part[0])
-			carry++;
-		x += y;
-		if(x < y)
-			carry++;
-		*p++ = x;
-	}
-	*p = part[1] + carry;
-}
-
-// prereq: p must have room for n+1 digits
-int
-mpvecdigmulsub(mpdigit *b, int n, mpdigit m, mpdigit *p)
-{
-	int i;
-	mpdigit x, y, part[2], borrow;
-
-	borrow = 0;
-	part[1] = 0;
-	for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
-		x = *p;
-		y = x - borrow;
-		if(y > x)
-			borrow = 1;
-		else
-			borrow = 0;
-		x = part[1];
-		mpdigmul(*b++, m, part);
-		x += part[0];
-		if(x < part[0])
-			borrow++;
-		x = y - x;
-		if(x > y)
-			borrow++;
-		*p++ = x;
-	}
-
-	x = *p;
-	y = x - borrow - part[1];
-	*p = y;
-	if(y > x)
-		return -1;
-	else
-		return 1;
-}
--- a/llt/mpvecsub.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-// prereq: a >= b, alen >= blen, diff has at least alen digits
-void
-mpvecsub(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *diff)
-{
-	int i, borrow;
-	mpdigit x, y;
-
-	borrow = 0;
-	for(i = 0; i < blen; i++){
-		x = *a++;
-		y = *b++;
-		y += borrow;
-		if(y < (mpdigit)borrow)
-			borrow = 1;
-		else
-			borrow = 0;
-		if(x < y)
-			borrow++;
-		*diff++ = x - y;
-	}
-	for(; i < alen; i++){
-		x = *a++;
-		y = x - borrow;
-		if(y > x)
-			borrow = 1;
-		else
-			borrow = 0;
-		*diff++ = y;
-	}
-}
--- a/llt/mpvectscmp.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-int
-mpvectscmp(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen)
-{
-	mpdigit x, y, z, v;
-	int m, p;
-
-	if(alen > blen){
-		v = 0;
-		while(alen > blen)
-			v |= a[--alen];
-		m = p = (-v^v|v)>>(Dbits-1);
-	} else if(blen > alen){
-		v = 0;
-		while(blen > alen)
-			v |= b[--blen];
-		m = (-v^v|v)>>(Dbits-1);
-		p = m^1;
-	} else
-		m = p = 0;
-	while(alen-- > 0){
-		x = a[alen];
-		y = b[alen];
-		z = x - y;
-		x = ~x;
-		v = ((-z^z|z)>>(Dbits-1)) & ~m;
-		p = ((~(x&y|x&z|y&z)>>(Dbits-1)) & v) | (p & ~v);
-		m |= v;
-	}
-	return (p-m) | m;
-}
--- a/llt/strtomp.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-static char*
-frompow2(char *a, mpint *b, int s)
-{
-	char *p, *next;
-	mpdigit x;
-	int i;
-
-	i = 1<<s;
-	for(p = a; (dec16chr(*p) & 255) < i; p++)
-		;
-
-	mpbits(b, (p-a)*s);
-	b->top = 0;
-	next = p;
-
-	while(p > a){
-		x = 0;
-		for(i = 0; i < Dbits; i += s){
-			if(p <= a)
-				break;
-			x |= dec16chr(*--p)<<i;
-		}
-		b->p[b->top++] = x;
-	}
-	return next;
-}
-
-static char*
-from8(char *a, mpint *b)
-{
-	char *p, *next;
-	mpdigit x, y;
-	int i;
-
-	for(p = a; ((*p - '0') & 255) < 8; p++)
-		;
-
-	mpbits(b, (p-a)*3);
-	b->top = 0;
-	next = p;
-
-	i = 0;
-	x = y = 0;
-	while(p > a){
-		y = *--p - '0';
-		x |= y << i;
-		i += 3;
-		if(i >= Dbits){
-Digout:
-			i -= Dbits;
-			b->p[b->top++] = x;
-			x = y >> (3-i);
-		}
-	}
-	if(i > 0)
-		goto Digout;
-
-	return next;
-}
-
-static ulong mppow10[] = {
-	1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000, 1000000000
-};
-
-static char*
-from10(char *a, mpint *b)
-{
-	ulong x, y;
-	mpint *pow, *r;
-	int i;
-
-	pow = mpnew(0);
-	r = mpnew(0);
-
-	b->top = 0;
-	for(;;){
-		// do a billion at a time in native arithmetic
-		x = 0;
-		for(i = 0; i < 9; i++){
-			y = *a - '0';
-			if(y > 9)
-				break;
-			a++;
-			x *= 10;
-			x += y;
-		}
-		if(i == 0)
-			break;
-
-		// accumulate into mpint
-		uitomp(mppow10[i], pow);
-		uitomp(x, r);
-		mpmul(b, pow, b);
-		mpadd(b, r, b);
-		if(i < 9)
-			break;
-	}
-	mpfree(pow);
-	mpfree(r);
-	return a;
-}
-
-mpint*
-strtomp(char *a, char **pp, int base, mpint *b)
-{
-	int sign;
-	char *e;
-
-	if(b == nil){
-		b = mpnew(0);
-	}
-
-	while(*a==' ' || *a=='\t')
-		a++;
-
-	sign = 1;
-	for(;; a++){
-		switch(*a){
-		case '-':
-			sign *= -1;
-			continue;
-		}
-		break;
-	}
-
-	if(base == 0){
-		base = 10;
-		if(a[0] == '0'){
-			if(a[1] == 'x' || a[1] == 'X') {
-				a += 2;
-				base = 16;
-			} else if(a[1] == 'b' || a[1] == 'B') {
-				a += 2;
-				base = 2;
-			} else if(a[1] >= '0' && a[1] <= '7') {
-				a++;
-				base = 8;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	switch(base){
-	case 2:
-		e = frompow2(a, b, 1);
-		break;
-	case 4:
-		e = frompow2(a, b, 2);
-		break;
-	case 8:
-		e = from8(a, b);
-		break;
-	case 10:
-		e = from10(a, b);
-		break;
-	case 16:
-		e = frompow2(a, b, 4);
-		break;
-	default:
-		abort();
-		return nil;
-	}
-
-	if(pp != nil)
-		*pp = e;
-
-	// if no characters parsed, there wasn't a number to convert
-	if(e == a)
-		return nil;
-
-	b->sign = sign;
-	return mpnorm(b);
-}
--- a/llt/u16.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-#define between(x,min,max)	(((min-1-x) & (x-max-1))>>8)
-
-int
-enc16chr(int o)
-{
-	int c;
-
-	c  = between(o,  0,  9) & ('0'+o);
-	c |= between(o, 10, 15) & ('A'+(o-10));
-	return c;
-}
-
-int
-dec16chr(int c)
-{
-	int o;
-
-	o  = between(c, '0', '9') & (1+(c-'0'));
-	o |= between(c, 'A', 'F') & (1+10+(c-'A'));
-	o |= between(c, 'a', 'f') & (1+10+(c-'a'));
-	return o-1;
-}
-
-int
-dec16(uchar *out, int lim, char *in, int n)
-{
-	int c, w = 0, i = 0;
-	uchar *start = out;
-	uchar *eout = out + lim;
-
-	while(n-- > 0){
-		c = dec16chr(*in++);
-		if(c < 0)
-			continue;
-		w = (w<<4) + c;
-		i++;
-		if(i == 2){
-			if(out + 1 > eout)
-				goto exhausted;
-			*out++ = w;
-			w = 0;
-			i = 0;
-		}
-	}
-exhausted:
-	return out - start;
-}
-
-int
-enc16(char *out, int lim, uchar *in, int n)
-{
-	uint c;
-	char *eout = out + lim;
-	char *start = out;
-
-	while(n-- > 0){
-		c = *in++;
-		if(out + 2 >= eout)
-			goto exhausted;
-		*out++ = enc16chr(c>>4);
-		*out++ = enc16chr(c&15);
-	}
-exhausted:
-	*out = 0;
-	return out - start;
-}
--- a/llt/u32.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-#define between(x,min,max)	(((min-1-x) & (x-max-1))>>8)
-
-int
-enc32chr(int o)
-{
-	int c;
-
-	c  = between(o,  0, 25) & ('A'+o);
-	c |= between(o, 26, 31) & ('2'+(o-26));
-	return c;
-}
-
-int
-dec32chr(int c)
-{
-	int o;
-
-	o  = between(c, 'A', 'Z') & (1+(c-'A'));
-	o |= between(c, 'a', 'z') & (1+(c-'a'));
-	o |= between(c, '2', '7') & (1+26+(c-'2'));
-	return o-1;
-}
-
-int
-dec32x(uchar *dest, int ndest, char *src, int nsrc, int (*chr)(int))
-{
-	uchar *start;
-	int i, j, u[8];
-
-	if(ndest+1 < (5*nsrc+7)/8)
-		return -1;
-	start = dest;
-	while(nsrc>=8){
-		for(i=0; i<8; i++){
-			j = chr(src[i]);
-			if(j < 0)
-				j = 0;
-			u[i] = j;
-		}
-		*dest++ = (u[0]<<3) | (0x7 & (u[1]>>2));
-		*dest++ = ((0x3 & u[1])<<6) | (u[2]<<1) | (0x1 & (u[3]>>4));
-		*dest++ = ((0xf & u[3])<<4) | (0xf & (u[4]>>1));
-		*dest++ = ((0x1 & u[4])<<7) | (u[5]<<2) | (0x3 & (u[6]>>3));
-		*dest++ = ((0x7 & u[6])<<5) | u[7];
-		src  += 8;
-		nsrc -= 8;
-	}
-	if(nsrc > 0){
-		if(nsrc == 1 || nsrc == 3 || nsrc == 6)
-			return -1;
-		for(i=0; i<nsrc; i++){
-			j = chr(src[i]);
-			if(j < 0)
-				j = 0;
-			u[i] = j;
-		}
-		*dest++ = (u[0]<<3) | (0x7 & (u[1]>>2));
-		if(nsrc == 2)
-			goto out;
-		*dest++ = ((0x3 & u[1])<<6) | (u[2]<<1) | (0x1 & (u[3]>>4));
-		if(nsrc == 4)
-			goto out;
-		*dest++ = ((0xf & u[3])<<4) | (0xf & (u[4]>>1));
-		if(nsrc == 5)
-			goto out;
-		*dest++ = ((0x1 & u[4])<<7) | (u[5]<<2) | (0x3 & (u[6]>>3));
-	}
-out:
-	return dest-start;
-}
-
-int
-enc32x(char *dest, int ndest, uchar *src, int nsrc, int (*chr)(int))
-{
-	char *start;
-	int j;
-
-	if(ndest <= (8*nsrc+4)/5)
-		return -1;
-	start = dest;
-	while(nsrc>=5){
-		j = (0x1f & (src[0]>>3));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1c & (src[0]<<2)) | (0x03 & (src[1]>>6));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1f & (src[1]>>1));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x10 & (src[1]<<4)) | (0x0f & (src[2]>>4));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1e & (src[2]<<1)) | (0x01 & (src[3]>>7));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1f & (src[3]>>2));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x18 & (src[3]<<3)) | (0x07 & (src[4]>>5));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1f & (src[4]));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		src  += 5;
-		nsrc -= 5;
-	}
-	if(nsrc){
-		j = (0x1f & (src[0]>>3));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1c & (src[0]<<2));
-		if(nsrc == 1)
-			goto out;
-		j |= (0x03 & (src[1]>>6));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1f & (src[1]>>1));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x10 & (src[1]<<4));
-		if(nsrc == 2)
-			goto out;
-		j |= (0x0f & (src[2]>>4));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1e & (src[2]<<1));
-		if(nsrc == 3)
-			goto out;
-		j |= (0x01 & (src[3]>>7));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x1f & (src[3]>>2));
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-		j = (0x18 & (src[3]<<3));
-out:
-		*dest++ = chr(j);
-	}
-	*dest = 0;
-	return dest-start;
-}
-
-int
-enc32(char *dest, int ndest, uchar *src, int nsrc)
-{
-	return enc32x(dest, ndest, src, nsrc, enc32chr);
-}
-
-int
-dec32(uchar *dest, int ndest, char *src, int nsrc)
-{
-	return dec32x(dest, ndest, src, nsrc, dec32chr);
-}
--- a/llt/u64.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,141 +1,0 @@
-#include "platform.h"
-
-#define between(x,min,max)	(((min-1-x) & (x-max-1))>>8)
-
-int
-enc64chr(int o)
-{
-	int c;
-
-	c  = between(o,  0, 25) & ('A'+o);
-	c |= between(o, 26, 51) & ('a'+(o-26));
-	c |= between(o, 52, 61) & ('0'+(o-52));
-	c |= between(o, 62, 62) & ('+');
-	c |= between(o, 63, 63) & ('/');
-	return c;
-}
-
-int
-dec64chr(int c)
-{
-	int o;
-
-	o  = between(c, 'A', 'Z') & (1+(c-'A'));
-	o |= between(c, 'a', 'z') & (1+26+(c-'a'));
-	o |= between(c, '0', '9') & (1+52+(c-'0'));
-	o |= between(c, '+', '+') & (1+62);
-	o |= between(c, '/', '/') & (1+63);
-	return o-1;
-}
-
-int
-dec64x(uchar *out, int lim, char *in, int n, int (*chr)(int))
-{
-	ulong b24;
-	uchar *start = out;
-	uchar *e = out + lim;
-	int i, c;
-
-	b24 = 0;
-	i = 0;
-	while(n-- > 0){
-		c = chr(*in++);
-		if(c < 0)
-			continue;
-		switch(i){
-		case 0:
-			b24 = c<<18;
-			break;
-		case 1:
-			b24 |= c<<12;
-			break;
-		case 2:
-			b24 |= c<<6;
-			break;
-		case 3:
-			if(out + 3 > e)
-				goto exhausted;
-
-			b24 |= c;
-			*out++ = b24>>16;
-			*out++ = b24>>8;
-			*out++ = b24;
-			i = 0;
-			continue;
-		}
-		i++;
-	}
-	switch(i){
-	case 2:
-		if(out + 1 > e)
-			goto exhausted;
-		*out++ = b24>>16;
-		break;
-	case 3:
-		if(out + 2 > e)
-			goto exhausted;
-		*out++ = b24>>16;
-		*out++ = b24>>8;
-		break;
-	}
-exhausted:
-	return out - start;
-}
-
-int
-enc64x(char *out, int lim, uchar *in, int n, int (*chr)(int))
-{
-	int i;
-	ulong b24;
-	char *start = out;
-	char *e = out + lim;
-
-	for(i = n/3; i > 0; i--){
-		b24 = *in++<<16;
-		b24 |= *in++<<8;
-		b24 |= *in++;
-		if(out + 4 >= e)
-			goto exhausted;
-		*out++ = chr(b24>>18);
-		*out++ = chr((b24>>12)&0x3f);
-		*out++ = chr((b24>>6)&0x3f);
-		*out++ = chr(b24&0x3f);
-	}
-
-	switch(n%3){
-	case 2:
-		b24 = *in++<<16;
-		b24 |= *in<<8;
-		if(out + 4 >= e)
-			goto exhausted;
-		*out++ = chr(b24>>18);
-		*out++ = chr((b24>>12)&0x3f);
-		*out++ = chr((b24>>6)&0x3f);
-		*out++ = '=';
-		break;
-	case 1:
-		b24 = *in<<16;
-		if(out + 4 >= e)
-			goto exhausted;
-		*out++ = chr(b24>>18);
-		*out++ = chr((b24>>12)&0x3f);
-		*out++ = '=';
-		*out++ = '=';
-		break;
-	}
-exhausted:
-	*out = 0;
-	return out - start;
-}
-
-int
-enc64(char *out, int lim, uchar *in, int n)
-{
-	return enc64x(out, lim, in, n, enc64chr);
-}
-
-int
-dec64(uchar *out, int lim, char *in, int n)
-{
-	return dec64x(out, lim, in, n, dec64chr);
-}
--- a/mkfile
+++ b/mkfile
@@ -25,16 +25,24 @@
 	iostream.$O\
 	string.$O\
 	table.$O\
+	llt/bitvector-ops.$O\
+	llt/bitvector.$O\
+	llt/dump.$O\
+	llt/hashing.$O\
+	llt/htable.$O\
+	llt/int2str.$O\
+	llt/ios.$O\
+	llt/lltinit.$O\
+	llt/ptrhash.$O\
+	llt/random.$O\
+	llt/timefuncs.$O\
+	llt/utf8.$O\
+	llt/wcwidth.$O\
 
 default:V: all
 
 </sys/src/cmd/mkone
 
-$O.out: llt/libllt.$O.a
-
-llt/libllt.$O.a:
-	cd llt && mk
-
 boot.h: flisp.boot
 	sed 's,\\,\\\\,g;s,",\\",g;s,^,",g;s,$,\\n",g' $prereq >$target
 
@@ -45,6 +53,9 @@
 
 flisp.$O: maxstack.inc opcodes.h builtin_fns.h $CHFILES
 
+%.$O: %.c
+	$CC $CFLAGS -o $target $stem.c
+
 bootstrap:V: $O.out
     ./$O.out gen.lsp && \
 	cp flisp.boot flisp.boot.bak && \
@@ -54,8 +65,6 @@
 
 nuke:V:
 	rm -f *.[$OS] [$OS].out *.acid $TARG $CLEANFILES
-	cd llt && mk nuke
 
 clean:V:
 	rm -f *.[$OS] [$OS].out $TARG $CLEANFILES
-	cd llt && mk clean
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpadd.c
@@ -1,0 +1,56 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// sum = abs(b1) + abs(b2), i.e., add the magnitudes
+void
+mpmagadd(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
+{
+	int m, n;
+	mpint *t;
+
+	sum->flags |= (b1->flags | b2->flags) & MPtimesafe;
+
+	// get the sizes right
+	if(b2->top > b1->top){
+		t = b1;
+		b1 = b2;
+		b2 = t;
+	}
+	n = b1->top;
+	m = b2->top;
+	if(n == 0){
+		mpassign(mpzero, sum);
+		return;
+	}
+	if(m == 0){
+		mpassign(b1, sum);
+		sum->sign = 1;
+		return;
+	}
+	mpbits(sum, (n+1)*Dbits);
+	sum->top = n+1;
+
+	mpvecadd(b1->p, n, b2->p, m, sum->p);
+	sum->sign = 1;
+
+	mpnorm(sum);
+}
+
+// sum = b1 + b2
+void
+mpadd(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
+{
+	int sign;
+
+	if(b1->sign != b2->sign){
+		assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | sum->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+		if(b1->sign < 0)
+			mpmagsub(b2, b1, sum);
+		else
+			mpmagsub(b1, b2, sum);
+	} else {
+		sign = b1->sign;
+		mpmagadd(b1, b2, sum);
+		if(sum->top != 0)
+			sum->sign = sign;
+	}
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpaux.c
@@ -1,0 +1,201 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+static mpdigit _mptwodata[1] = { 2 };
+static mpint _mptwo =
+{
+	1, 1, 1,
+	_mptwodata,
+	MPstatic|MPnorm
+};
+mpint *mptwo = &_mptwo;
+
+static mpdigit _mponedata[1] = { 1 };
+static mpint _mpone =
+{
+	1, 1, 1,
+	_mponedata,
+	MPstatic|MPnorm
+};
+mpint *mpone = &_mpone;
+
+static mpdigit _mpzerodata[1] = { 0 };
+static mpint _mpzero =
+{
+	1, 1, 0,
+	_mpzerodata,
+	MPstatic|MPnorm
+};
+mpint *mpzero = &_mpzero;
+
+static int mpmindigits = 33;
+
+// set minimum digit allocation
+void
+mpsetminbits(int n)
+{
+	if(n < 0)
+		sysfatal("mpsetminbits: n < 0");
+	if(n == 0)
+		n = 1;
+	mpmindigits = DIGITS(n);
+}
+
+// allocate an n bit 0'd number 
+mpint*
+mpnew(int n)
+{
+	mpint *b;
+
+	if(n < 0)
+		sysfatal("mpsetminbits: n < 0");
+
+	n = DIGITS(n);
+	if(n < mpmindigits)
+		n = mpmindigits;
+	b = calloc(1, sizeof(mpint) + n*Dbytes);
+	if(b == nil)
+		sysfatal("mpnew: %r");
+	b->p = (mpdigit*)&b[1];
+	b->size = n;
+	b->sign = 1;
+	b->flags = MPnorm;
+
+	return b;
+}
+
+// guarantee at least n significant bits
+void
+mpbits(mpint *b, int m)
+{
+	int n;
+
+	n = DIGITS(m);
+	if(b->size >= n){
+		if(b->top >= n)
+			return;
+	} else {
+		if(b->p == (mpdigit*)&b[1]){
+			b->p = (mpdigit*)malloc(n*Dbytes);
+			if(b->p == nil)
+				sysfatal("mpbits: %r");
+			memmove(b->p, &b[1], Dbytes*b->top);
+			memset(&b[1], 0, Dbytes*b->size);
+		} else {
+			b->p = (mpdigit*)realloc(b->p, n*Dbytes);
+			if(b->p == nil)
+				sysfatal("mpbits: %r");
+		}
+		b->size = n;
+	}
+	memset(&b->p[b->top], 0, Dbytes*(n - b->top));
+	b->top = n;
+	b->flags &= ~MPnorm;
+}
+
+void
+mpfree(mpint *b)
+{
+	if(b == nil)
+		return;
+	if(b->flags & MPstatic)
+		sysfatal("freeing mp constant");
+	memset(b->p, 0, b->size*Dbytes);
+	if(b->p != (mpdigit*)&b[1])
+		free(b->p);
+	free(b);
+}
+
+mpint*
+mpnorm(mpint *b)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if(b->flags & MPtimesafe){
+		assert(b->sign == 1);
+		b->flags &= ~MPnorm;
+		return b;
+	}
+	for(i = b->top-1; i >= 0; i--)
+		if(b->p[i] != 0)
+			break;
+	b->top = i+1;
+	if(b->top == 0)
+		b->sign = 1;
+	b->flags |= MPnorm;
+	return b;
+}
+
+mpint*
+mpcopy(mpint *old)
+{
+	mpint *new;
+
+	new = mpnew(Dbits*old->size);
+	new->sign = old->sign;
+	new->top = old->top;
+	new->flags = old->flags & ~(MPstatic|MPfield);
+	memmove(new->p, old->p, Dbytes*old->top);
+	return new;
+}
+
+void
+mpassign(mpint *old, mpint *new)
+{
+	if(new == nil || old == new)
+		return;
+	new->top = 0;
+	mpbits(new, Dbits*old->top);
+	new->sign = old->sign;
+	new->top = old->top;
+	new->flags &= ~MPnorm;
+	new->flags |= old->flags & ~(MPstatic|MPfield);
+	memmove(new->p, old->p, Dbytes*old->top);
+}
+
+// number of significant bits in mantissa
+int
+mpsignif(mpint *n)
+{
+	int i, j;
+	mpdigit d;
+
+	if(n->top == 0)
+		return 0;
+	for(i = n->top-1; i >= 0; i--){
+		d = n->p[i];
+		for(j = Dbits-1; j >= 0; j--){
+			if(d & (((mpdigit)1)<<j))
+				return i*Dbits + j + 1;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// k, where n = 2**k * q for odd q
+int
+mplowbits0(mpint *n)
+{
+	int k, bit, digit;
+	mpdigit d;
+
+	assert(n->flags & MPnorm);
+	if(n->top==0)
+		return 0;
+	k = 0;
+	bit = 0;
+	digit = 0;
+	d = n->p[0];
+	for(;;){
+		if(d & (1<<bit))
+			break;
+		k++;
+		bit++;
+		if(bit==Dbits){
+			if(++digit >= n->top)
+				return 0;
+			d = n->p[digit];
+			bit = 0;
+		}
+	}
+	return k;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpcmp.c
@@ -1,0 +1,28 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// return neg, 0, pos as abs(b1)-abs(b2) is neg, 0, pos
+int
+mpmagcmp(mpint *b1, mpint *b2)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	i = b1->flags | b2->flags;
+	if(i & MPtimesafe)
+		return mpvectscmp(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top);
+	if(i & MPnorm){
+		i = b1->top - b2->top;
+		if(i)
+			return i;
+	}
+	return mpveccmp(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top);
+}
+
+// return neg, 0, pos as b1-b2 is neg, 0, pos
+int
+mpcmp(mpint *b1, mpint *b2)
+{
+	int sign;
+
+	sign = (b1->sign - b2->sign) >> 1;	// -1, 0, 1
+	return sign | (sign&1)-1 & mpmagcmp(b1, b2)*b1->sign;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpdigdiv.c
@@ -1,0 +1,54 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+//
+//	divide two digits by one and return quotient
+//
+void
+mpdigdiv(mpdigit *dividend, mpdigit divisor, mpdigit *quotient)
+{
+	mpdigit hi, lo, q, x, y;
+	int i;
+
+	hi = dividend[1];
+	lo = dividend[0];
+
+	// return highest digit value if the result >= 2**32
+	if(hi >= divisor || divisor == 0){
+		divisor = 0;
+		*quotient = ~divisor;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// very common case
+	if(~divisor == 0){
+		lo += hi;
+		if(lo < hi){
+			hi++;
+			lo++;
+		}
+		if(lo+1 == 0)
+			hi++;
+		*quotient = hi;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// at this point we know that hi < divisor
+	// just shift and subtract till we're done
+	q = 0;
+	x = divisor;
+	for(i = Dbits-1; hi > 0 && i >= 0; i--){
+		x >>= 1;
+		if(x > hi)
+			continue;
+		y = divisor<<i;
+		if(x == hi && y > lo)
+			continue;
+		if(y > lo)
+			hi--;
+		lo -= y;
+		hi -= x;
+		q |= 1U<<i;
+	}
+	q += lo/divisor;
+	*quotient = q;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpdiv.c
@@ -1,0 +1,140 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// division ala knuth, seminumerical algorithms, pp 237-238
+// the numbers are stored backwards to what knuth expects so j
+// counts down rather than up.
+
+void
+mpdiv(mpint *dividend, mpint *divisor, mpint *quotient, mpint *remainder)
+{
+	int j, s, vn, sign, qsign, rsign;
+	mpdigit qd, *up, *vp, *qp;
+	mpint *u, *v, *t;
+
+	assert(quotient != remainder);
+	assert(divisor->flags & MPnorm);
+
+	// divide bv zero
+	if(divisor->top == 0)
+		abort();
+
+	// division by one or small powers of two
+	if(divisor->top == 1 && (divisor->p[0] & divisor->p[0]-1) == 0){
+		vlong r = 0;
+		if(dividend->top > 0)
+			r = (vlong)dividend->sign * (dividend->p[0] & divisor->p[0]-1);
+		if(quotient != nil){
+			sign = divisor->sign;
+			for(s = 0; ((divisor->p[0] >> s) & 1) == 0; s++)
+				;
+			mpright(dividend, s, quotient);
+			if(sign < 0)
+				quotient->sign ^= (-mpmagcmp(quotient, mpzero) >> 31) << 1;
+		}
+		if(remainder != nil){
+			remainder->flags |= dividend->flags & MPtimesafe;
+			vtomp(r, remainder);
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+	assert((dividend->flags & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+
+	// quick check
+	if(mpmagcmp(dividend, divisor) < 0){
+		if(remainder != nil)
+			mpassign(dividend, remainder);
+		if(quotient != nil)
+			mpassign(mpzero, quotient);
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	qsign = divisor->sign * dividend->sign;
+	rsign = dividend->sign;
+
+	// D1: shift until divisor, v, has hi bit set (needed to make trial
+	//     divisor accurate)
+	qd = divisor->p[divisor->top-1];
+	for(s = 0; (qd & mpdighi) == 0; s++)
+		qd <<= 1;
+	u = mpnew((dividend->top+2)*Dbits + s);
+	if(s == 0 && divisor != quotient && divisor != remainder) {
+		mpassign(dividend, u);
+		v = divisor;
+	} else {
+		mpleft(dividend, s, u);
+		v = mpnew(divisor->top*Dbits);
+		mpleft(divisor, s, v);
+	}
+	up = u->p+u->top-1;
+	vp = v->p+v->top-1;
+	vn = v->top;
+
+	// D1a: make sure high digit of dividend is less than high digit of divisor
+	if(*up >= *vp){
+		*++up = 0;
+		u->top++;
+	}
+
+	// storage for multiplies
+	t = mpnew(4*Dbits);
+
+	qp = nil;
+	if(quotient != nil){
+		mpbits(quotient, (u->top - v->top)*Dbits);
+		quotient->top = u->top - v->top;
+		qp = quotient->p+quotient->top-1;
+	}
+
+	// D2, D7: loop on length of dividend
+	for(j = u->top; j > vn; j--){
+
+		// D3: calculate trial divisor
+		mpdigdiv(up-1, *vp, &qd);
+
+		// D3a: rule out trial divisors 2 greater than real divisor
+		if(vn > 1) for(;;){
+			memset(t->p, 0, 3*Dbytes);	// mpvecdigmuladd adds to what's there
+			mpvecdigmuladd(vp-1, 2, qd, t->p);
+			if(mpveccmp(t->p, 3, up-2, 3) > 0)
+				qd--;
+			else
+				break;
+		}
+
+		// D4: u -= v*qd << j*Dbits
+		sign = mpvecdigmulsub(v->p, vn, qd, up-vn);
+		if(sign < 0){
+
+			// D6: trial divisor was too high, add back borrowed
+			//     value and decrease divisor
+			mpvecadd(up-vn, vn+1, v->p, vn, up-vn);
+			qd--;
+		}
+
+		// D5: save quotient digit
+		if(qp != nil)
+			*qp-- = qd;
+
+		// push top of u down one
+		u->top--;
+		*up-- = 0;
+	}
+	if(qp != nil){
+		assert((quotient->flags & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+		mpnorm(quotient);
+		if(quotient->top != 0)
+			quotient->sign = qsign;
+	}
+
+	if(remainder != nil){
+		assert((remainder->flags & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+		mpright(u, s, remainder);	// u is the remainder shifted
+		if(remainder->top != 0)
+			remainder->sign = rsign;
+	}
+
+	mpfree(t);
+	mpfree(u);
+	if(v != divisor)
+		mpfree(v);
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpfmt.c
@@ -1,0 +1,207 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+static int
+toencx(mpint *b, char *buf, int len, int (*enc)(char*, int, uchar*, int))
+{
+	uchar *p;
+	int n, rv;
+
+	p = nil;
+	n = mptobe(b, nil, 0, &p);
+	if(n < 0)
+		return -1;
+	rv = (*enc)(buf, len, p, n);
+	free(p);
+	return rv;
+}
+
+static int
+topow2(mpint *b, char *buf, int len, int s)
+{
+	mpdigit *p, x;
+	int i, j, sn;
+	char *out, *eout;
+
+	if(len < 1)
+		return -1;
+
+	sn = 1<<s;
+	out = buf;
+	eout = buf+len;
+	for(p = &b->p[b->top-1]; p >= b->p; p--){
+		x = *p;
+		for(i = Dbits-s; i >= 0; i -= s){
+			j = x >> i & sn - 1;
+			if(j != 0 || out != buf){
+				if(out >= eout)
+					return -1;
+				*out++ = enc16chr(j);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if(out == buf)
+		*out++ = '0';
+	if(out >= eout)
+		return -1;
+	*out = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static char*
+modbillion(int rem, ulong r, char *out, char *buf)
+{
+	ulong rr;
+	int i;
+
+	for(i = 0; i < 9; i++){
+		rr = r%10;
+		r /= 10;
+		if(out <= buf)
+			return nil;
+		*--out = '0' + rr;
+		if(rem == 0 && r == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+	return out;
+}
+
+static int
+to10(mpint *b, char *buf, int len)
+{
+	mpint *d, *r, *billion;
+	char *out;
+
+	if(len < 1)
+		return -1;
+
+	d = mpcopy(b);
+	d->flags &= ~MPtimesafe;
+	mpnorm(d);
+	r = mpnew(0);
+	billion = uitomp(1000000000, nil);
+	out = buf+len;
+	*--out = 0;
+	do {
+		mpdiv(d, billion, d, r);
+		out = modbillion(d->top, r->p[0], out, buf);
+		if(out == nil)
+			break;
+	} while(d->top != 0);
+	mpfree(d);
+	mpfree(r);
+	mpfree(billion);
+
+	if(out == nil)
+		return -1;
+	len -= out-buf;
+	if(out != buf)
+		memmove(buf, out, len);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+to8(mpint *b, char *buf, int len)
+{
+	mpdigit x, y;
+	char *out;
+	int i, j;
+
+	if(len < 2)
+		return -1;
+
+	out = buf+len;
+	*--out = 0;
+
+	i = j = 0;
+	x = y = 0;
+	while(j < b->top){
+		y = b->p[j++];
+		if(i > 0)
+			x |= y << i;
+		else
+			x = y;
+		i += Dbits;
+		while(i >= 3){
+Digout:			i -= 3;
+			if(out > buf)
+				out--;
+			else if(x != 0)
+				return -1;
+			*out = '0' + (x & 7);
+			x = y >> (Dbits-i);
+		}
+	}
+	if(i > 0)
+		goto Digout;
+
+	while(*out == '0') out++;
+	if(*out == '\0')
+		*--out = '0';
+
+	len -= out-buf;
+	if(out != buf)
+		memmove(buf, out, len);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+char*
+mptoa(mpint *b, int base, char *buf, int len)
+{
+	char *out;
+	int rv, alloced;
+
+	if(base == 0)
+		base = 16;	/* default */
+	alloced = 0;
+	if(buf == nil){
+		/* rv <= log₂(base) */
+		for(rv=1; (base >> rv) > 1; rv++)
+			;
+		len = 10 + (b->top*Dbits / rv);
+		buf = malloc(len);
+		if(buf == nil)
+			return nil;
+		alloced = 1;
+	}
+
+	if(len < 2)
+		return nil;
+
+	out = buf;
+	if(b->sign < 0){
+		*out++ = '-';
+		len--;
+	}
+	switch(base){
+	case 64:
+		rv = toencx(b, out, len, enc64);
+		break;
+	case 32:
+		rv = toencx(b, out, len, enc32);
+		break;
+	case 16:
+		rv = topow2(b, out, len, 4);
+		break;
+	case 10:
+		rv = to10(b, out, len);
+		break;
+	case 8:
+		rv = to8(b, out, len);
+		break;
+	case 4:
+		rv = topow2(b, out, len, 2);
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		rv = topow2(b, out, len, 1);
+		break;
+	default:
+		abort();
+		return nil;
+	}
+	if(rv < 0){
+		if(alloced)
+			free(buf);
+		return nil;
+	}
+	return buf;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpleft.c
@@ -1,0 +1,49 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// res = b << shift
+void
+mpleft(mpint *b, int shift, mpint *res)
+{
+	int d, l, r, i, otop;
+	mpdigit this, last;
+
+	res->sign = b->sign;
+	if(b->top==0){
+		res->top = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// a zero or negative left shift is a right shift
+	if(shift <= 0){
+		mpright(b, -shift, res);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// b and res may be the same so remember the old top
+	otop = b->top;
+
+	// shift
+	mpbits(res, otop*Dbits + shift);	// overkill
+	res->top = DIGITS(otop*Dbits + shift);
+	d = shift/Dbits;
+	l = shift - d*Dbits;
+	r = Dbits - l;
+
+	if(l == 0){
+		for(i = otop-1; i >= 0; i--)
+			res->p[i+d] = b->p[i];
+	} else {
+		last = 0;
+		for(i = otop-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+			this = b->p[i];
+			res->p[i+d+1] = (last<<l) | (this>>r);
+			last = this;
+		}
+		res->p[d] = last<<l;
+	}
+	for(i = 0; i < d; i++)
+		res->p[i] = 0;
+
+	res->flags |= b->flags & MPtimesafe;
+	mpnorm(res);
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mplogic.c
@@ -1,0 +1,210 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+/*
+	mplogic calculates b1|b2 subject to the
+	following flag bits (fl)
+
+	bit 0: subtract 1 from b1
+	bit 1: invert b1
+	bit 2: subtract 1 from b2
+	bit 3: invert b2
+	bit 4: add 1 to output
+	bit 5: invert output
+	
+	it inverts appropriate bits automatically
+	depending on the signs of the inputs
+*/
+
+static void
+mplogic(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum, int fl)
+{
+	mpint *t;
+	mpdigit *dp1, *dp2, *dpo, d1, d2, d;
+	int c1, c2, co;
+	int i;
+
+	assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | sum->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+	if(b1->sign < 0) fl ^= 0x03;
+	if(b2->sign < 0) fl ^= 0x0c;
+	sum->sign = (int)(((fl|fl>>2)^fl>>4)<<30)>>31|1;
+	if(sum->sign < 0) fl ^= 0x30;
+	if(b2->top > b1->top){
+		t = b1;
+		b1 = b2;
+		b2 = t;
+		fl = fl >> 2 & 0x03 | fl << 2 & 0x0c | fl & 0x30;
+	}
+	mpbits(sum, b1->top*Dbits+1);
+	dp1 = b1->p;
+	dp2 = b2->p;
+	dpo = sum->p;
+	c1 = fl & 1;
+	c2 = fl >> 2 & 1;
+	co = fl >> 4 & 1;
+	for(i = 0; i < b1->top; i++){
+		d1 = dp1[i] - c1;
+		if(i < b2->top)
+			d2 = dp2[i] - c2;
+		else
+			d2 = 0;
+		if(d1 != (mpdigit)-1) c1 = 0;
+		if(d2 != (mpdigit)-1) c2 = 0;
+		if((fl & 2) != 0) d1 ^= -1;
+		if((fl & 8) != 0) d2 ^= -1;
+		d = d1 | d2;
+		if((fl & 32) != 0) d ^= -1;
+		d += co;
+		if(d != 0) co = 0;
+		dpo[i] = d;
+	}
+	sum->top = i;
+	if(co)
+		dpo[sum->top++] = co;
+	mpnorm(sum);
+}
+
+void
+mpor(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
+{
+	mplogic(b1, b2, sum, 0);
+}
+
+void
+mpand(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
+{
+	mplogic(b1, b2, sum, 0x2a);
+}
+
+void
+mpbic(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
+{
+	mplogic(b1, b2, sum, 0x22);
+}
+
+void
+mpnot(mpint *b, mpint *r)
+{
+	mpadd(b, mpone, r);
+	if(r->top != 0)
+		r->sign ^= -2;
+}
+
+void
+mpxor(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *sum)
+{
+	mpint *t;
+	mpdigit *dp1, *dp2, *dpo, d1, d2, d;
+	int c1, c2, co;
+	int i, fl;
+
+	assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | sum->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+	if(b2->top > b1->top){
+		t = b1;
+		b1 = b2;
+		b2 = t;
+	}
+	fl = (b1->sign & 10) ^ (b2->sign & 12);
+	sum->sign = (int)(fl << 28) >> 31 | 1;
+	mpbits(sum, b1->top*Dbits+1);
+	dp1 = b1->p;
+	dp2 = b2->p;
+	dpo = sum->p;
+	c1 = fl >> 1 & 1;
+	c2 = fl >> 2 & 1;
+	co = fl >> 3 & 1;
+	for(i = 0; i < b1->top; i++){
+		d1 = dp1[i] - c1;
+		if(i < b2->top)
+			d2 = dp2[i] - c2;
+		else
+			d2 = 0;
+		if(d1 != (mpdigit)-1) c1 = 0;
+		if(d2 != (mpdigit)-1) c2 = 0;
+		d = d1 ^ d2;
+		d += co;
+		if(d != 0) co = 0;
+		dpo[i] = d;
+	}
+	sum->top = i;
+	if(co)
+		dpo[sum->top++] = co;
+	mpnorm(sum);
+}
+
+void
+mptrunc(mpint *b, int n, mpint *r)
+{
+	int d, m, i, c;
+
+	assert(((b->flags | r->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+	mpbits(r, n);
+	r->top = DIGITS(n);
+	d = n / Dbits;
+	m = n % Dbits;
+	if(b->sign == -1){
+		c = 1;
+		for(i = 0; i < r->top; i++){
+			if(i < b->top)
+				r->p[i] = ~(b->p[i] - c);
+			else
+				r->p[i] = -1;
+			if(r->p[i] != 0)
+				c = 0;
+		}
+		if(m != 0)
+			r->p[d] &= (1<<m) - 1;
+	}else if(b->sign == 1){
+		if(d >= b->top){
+			mpassign(b, r);
+			mpnorm(r);
+			return;
+		}
+		if(b != r)
+			for(i = 0; i < d; i++)
+				r->p[i] = b->p[i];
+		if(m != 0)
+			r->p[d] = b->p[d] & (1<<m)-1;
+	}
+	r->sign = 1;
+	mpnorm(r);
+}
+
+void
+mpxtend(mpint *b, int n, mpint *r)
+{
+	int d, m, c, i;
+
+	d = (n - 1) / Dbits;
+	m = (n - 1) % Dbits;
+	if(d >= b->top){
+		mpassign(b, r);
+		return;
+	}
+	mptrunc(b, n, r);
+	mpbits(r, n);
+	if((r->p[d] & 1<<m) == 0){
+		mpnorm(r);
+		return;
+	}
+	r->p[d] |= -(1<<m);
+	r->sign = -1;
+	c = 1;
+	for(i = 0; i < r->top; i++){
+		r->p[i] = ~(r->p[i] - c);
+		if(r->p[i] != 0)
+			c = 0;
+	}
+	mpnorm(r);
+}
+
+void
+mpasr(mpint *b, int n, mpint *r)
+{
+	if(b->sign > 0 || n <= 0){
+		mpright(b, n, r);
+		return;
+	}
+	mpadd(b, mpone, r);
+	mpright(r, n, r);
+	mpsub(r, mpone, r);
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpmul.c
@@ -1,0 +1,174 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+//
+//  from knuth's 1969 seminumberical algorithms, pp 233-235 and pp 258-260
+//
+//  mpvecmul is an assembly language routine that performs the inner
+//  loop.
+//
+//  the karatsuba trade off is set empiricly by measuring the algs on
+//  a 400 MHz Pentium II.
+//
+
+// karatsuba like (see knuth pg 258)
+// prereq: p is already zeroed
+static void
+mpkaratsuba(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *p)
+{
+	mpdigit *t, *u0, *u1, *v0, *v1, *u0v0, *u1v1, *res, *diffprod;
+	int u0len, u1len, v0len, v1len, reslen;
+	int sign, n;
+
+	// divide each piece in half
+	n = alen/2;
+	if(alen&1)
+		n++;
+	u0len = n;
+	u1len = alen-n;
+	if(blen > n){
+		v0len = n;
+		v1len = blen-n;
+	} else {
+		v0len = blen;
+		v1len = 0;
+	}
+	u0 = a;
+	u1 = a + u0len;
+	v0 = b;
+	v1 = b + v0len;
+
+	// room for the partial products
+	t = calloc(1, Dbytes*5*(2*n+1));
+	if(t == nil)
+		sysfatal("mpkaratsuba: %r");
+	u0v0 = t;
+	u1v1 = t + (2*n+1);
+	diffprod = t + 2*(2*n+1);
+	res = t + 3*(2*n+1);
+	reslen = 4*n+1;
+
+	// t[0] = (u1-u0)
+	sign = 1;
+	if(mpveccmp(u1, u1len, u0, u0len) < 0){
+		sign = -1;
+		mpvecsub(u0, u0len, u1, u1len, u0v0);
+	} else
+		mpvecsub(u1, u1len, u0, u1len, u0v0);
+
+	// t[1] = (v0-v1)
+	if(mpveccmp(v0, v0len, v1, v1len) < 0){
+		sign *= -1;
+		mpvecsub(v1, v1len, v0, v1len, u1v1);
+	} else
+		mpvecsub(v0, v0len, v1, v1len, u1v1);
+
+	// t[4:5] = (u1-u0)*(v0-v1)
+	mpvecmul(u0v0, u0len, u1v1, v0len, diffprod);
+
+	// t[0:1] = u1*v1
+	memset(t, 0, 2*(2*n+1)*Dbytes);
+	if(v1len > 0)
+		mpvecmul(u1, u1len, v1, v1len, u1v1);
+
+	// t[2:3] = u0v0
+	mpvecmul(u0, u0len, v0, v0len, u0v0);
+
+	// res = u0*v0<<n + u0*v0
+	mpvecadd(res, reslen, u0v0, u0len+v0len, res);
+	mpvecadd(res+n, reslen-n, u0v0, u0len+v0len, res+n);
+
+	// res += u1*v1<<n + u1*v1<<2*n
+	if(v1len > 0){
+		mpvecadd(res+n, reslen-n, u1v1, u1len+v1len, res+n);
+		mpvecadd(res+2*n, reslen-2*n, u1v1, u1len+v1len, res+2*n);
+	}
+
+	// res += (u1-u0)*(v0-v1)<<n
+	if(sign < 0)
+		mpvecsub(res+n, reslen-n, diffprod, u0len+v0len, res+n);
+	else
+		mpvecadd(res+n, reslen-n, diffprod, u0len+v0len, res+n);
+	memmove(p, res, (alen+blen)*Dbytes);
+
+	free(t);
+}
+
+#define KARATSUBAMIN 32
+
+void
+mpvecmul(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	mpdigit d;
+	mpdigit *t;
+
+	// both mpvecdigmuladd and karatsuba are fastest when a is the longer vector
+	if(alen < blen){
+		i = alen;
+		alen = blen;
+		blen = i;
+		t = a;
+		a = b;
+		b = t;
+	}
+
+	if(alen >= KARATSUBAMIN && blen > 1){
+		// O(n^1.585)
+		mpkaratsuba(a, alen, b, blen, p);
+	} else {
+		// O(n^2)
+		for(i = 0; i < blen; i++){
+			d = b[i];
+			if(d != 0)
+				mpvecdigmuladd(a, alen, d, &p[i]);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void
+mpvectsmul(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	mpdigit *t;
+
+	if(alen < blen){
+		i = alen;
+		alen = blen;
+		blen = i;
+		t = a;
+		a = b;
+		b = t;
+	}
+	if(blen == 0)
+		return;
+	for(i = 0; i < blen; i++)
+		mpvecdigmuladd(a, alen, b[i], &p[i]);
+}
+
+void
+mpmul(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *prod)
+{
+	mpint *oprod;
+
+	oprod = prod;
+	if(prod == b1 || prod == b2){
+		prod = mpnew(0);
+		prod->flags = oprod->flags;
+	}
+	prod->flags |= (b1->flags | b2->flags) & MPtimesafe;
+
+	prod->top = 0;
+	mpbits(prod, (b1->top+b2->top+1)*Dbits);
+	if(prod->flags & MPtimesafe)
+		mpvectsmul(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top, prod->p);
+	else
+		mpvecmul(b1->p, b1->top, b2->p, b2->top, prod->p);
+	prod->top = b1->top+b2->top+1;
+	prod->sign = b1->sign*b2->sign;
+	mpnorm(prod);
+
+	if(oprod != prod){
+		mpassign(prod, oprod);
+		mpfree(prod);
+	}
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpright.c
@@ -1,0 +1,55 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// res = b >> shift
+void
+mpright(mpint *b, int shift, mpint *res)
+{
+	int d, l, r, i;
+	mpdigit this, last;
+
+	res->sign = b->sign;
+	if(b->top==0){
+		res->top = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// a negative right shift is a left shift
+	if(shift < 0){
+		mpleft(b, -shift, res);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if(res != b)
+		mpbits(res, b->top*Dbits - shift);
+	else if(shift == 0)
+		return;
+
+	d = shift/Dbits;
+	r = shift - d*Dbits;
+	l = Dbits - r;
+
+	//  shift all the bits out == zero
+	if(d>=b->top){
+		res->sign = 1;
+		res->top = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// special case digit shifts
+	if(r == 0){
+		for(i = 0; i < b->top-d; i++)
+			res->p[i] = b->p[i+d];
+	} else {
+		last = b->p[d];
+		for(i = 0; i < b->top-d-1; i++){
+			this = b->p[i+d+1];
+			res->p[i] = (this<<l) | (last>>r);
+			last = this;
+		}
+		res->p[i++] = last>>r;
+	}
+
+	res->top = i;
+	res->flags |= b->flags & MPtimesafe;
+	mpnorm(res);
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpsub.c
@@ -1,0 +1,54 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// diff = abs(b1) - abs(b2), i.e., subtract the magnitudes
+void
+mpmagsub(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *diff)
+{
+	int n, m, sign;
+	mpint *t;
+
+	// get the sizes right
+	if(mpmagcmp(b1, b2) < 0){
+		assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | diff->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+		sign = -1;
+		t = b1;
+		b1 = b2;
+		b2 = t;
+	} else {
+		diff->flags |= (b1->flags | b2->flags) & MPtimesafe;
+		sign = 1;
+	}
+	n = b1->top;
+	m = b2->top;
+	if(m == 0){
+		mpassign(b1, diff);
+		diff->sign = sign;
+		return;
+	}
+	mpbits(diff, n*Dbits);
+
+	mpvecsub(b1->p, n, b2->p, m, diff->p);
+	diff->sign = sign;
+	diff->top = n;
+	mpnorm(diff);
+}
+
+// diff = b1 - b2
+void
+mpsub(mpint *b1, mpint *b2, mpint *diff)
+{
+	int sign;
+
+	if(b1->sign != b2->sign){
+		assert(((b1->flags | b2->flags | diff->flags) & MPtimesafe) == 0);
+		sign = b1->sign;
+		mpmagadd(b1, b2, diff);
+		diff->sign = sign;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	sign = b1->sign;
+	mpmagsub(b1, b2, diff);
+	if(diff->top != 0)
+		diff->sign *= sign;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mptobe.c
@@ -1,0 +1,29 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// convert an mpint into a big endian byte array (most significant byte first; left adjusted)
+//   return number of bytes converted
+//   if p == nil, allocate and result array
+int
+mptobe(mpint *b, uchar *p, uint n, uchar **pp)
+{
+	uint m;
+
+	m = (mpsignif(b)+7)/8;
+	if(m == 0)
+		m++;
+	if(p == nil){
+		n = m;
+		p = malloc(n);
+		if(p == nil)
+			sysfatal("mptobe: %r");
+	} else {
+		if(n < m)
+			return -1;
+		if(n > m)
+			memset(p+m, 0, n-m);
+	}
+	if(pp != nil)
+		*pp = p;
+	mptober(b, p, m);
+	return m;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mptober.c
@@ -1,0 +1,32 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+void
+mptober(mpint *b, uchar *p, int n)
+{
+	int i, j, m;
+	mpdigit x;
+
+	memset(p, 0, n);
+
+	p += n;
+	m = b->top*Dbytes;
+	if(m < n)
+		n = m;
+
+	i = 0;
+	while(n >= Dbytes){
+		n -= Dbytes;
+		x = b->p[i++];
+		for(j = 0; j < Dbytes; j++){
+			*--p = x;
+			x >>= 8;
+		}
+	}
+	if(n > 0){
+		x = b->p[i];
+		for(j = 0; j < n; j++){
+			*--p = x;
+			x >>= 8;
+		}
+	}
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mptod.c
@@ -1,0 +1,83 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+extern double D_PINF, D_NINF;
+
+double
+mptod(mpint *a)
+{
+	u64int v;
+	mpdigit w, r;
+	int sf, i, n, m, s;
+	FPdbleword x;
+	
+	if(a->top == 0) return 0.0;
+	sf = mpsignif(a);
+	if(sf > 1024) return a->sign < 0 ? D_NINF : D_PINF;
+	i = a->top - 1;
+	v = a->p[i];
+	n = sf & Dbits - 1;
+	n |= n - 1 & Dbits;
+	r = 0;
+	if(n > 54){
+		s = n - 54;
+		r = v & (1<<s) - 1;
+		v >>= s;
+	}
+	while(n < 54){
+		if(--i < 0)
+			w = 0;
+		else
+			w = a->p[i];
+		m = 54 - n;
+		if(m > Dbits) m = Dbits;
+		s = Dbits - m & Dbits - 1;
+		v = v << m | w >> s;
+		r = w & (1<<s) - 1;
+		n += m;
+	}
+	if((v & 3) == 1){
+		while(--i >= 0)
+			r |= a->p[i];
+		if(r != 0)
+			v++;
+	}else
+		v++;
+	v >>= 1;
+	while((v >> 53) != 0){
+		v >>= 1;
+		if(++sf > 1024)
+			return a->sign < 0 ? D_NINF : D_PINF;
+	}
+	x.lo = v;
+	x.hi = (u32int)(v >> 32) & (1<<20) - 1 | (sf + 1022) << 20 | a->sign & 1<<31;
+	return x.x;
+}
+
+mpint *
+dtomp(double d, mpint *a)
+{
+	FPdbleword x;
+	uvlong v;
+	int e;
+
+	if(a == nil)
+		a = mpnew(0);
+	x.x = d;
+	e = x.hi >> 20 & 2047;
+	assert(e != 2047);
+	if(e < 1022){
+		mpassign(mpzero, a);
+		return a;
+	}
+	v = x.lo | (uvlong)(x.hi & (1<<20) - 1) << 32 | 1ULL<<52;
+	if(e < 1075){
+		v += (1ULL<<(1074 - e)) - (~v >> (1075 - e) & 1);
+		v >>= 1075 - e;
+	}
+	uvtomp(v, a);
+	if(e > 1075)
+		mpleft(a, e - 1075, a);
+	if((int)x.hi < 0)
+		a->sign = -1;
+	return a;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mptoi.c
@@ -1,0 +1,41 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+/*
+ *  this code assumes that mpdigit is at least as
+ *  big as an int.
+ */
+
+mpint*
+itomp(int i, mpint *b)
+{
+	if(b == nil){
+		b = mpnew(0);
+	}
+	b->sign = (i >> (sizeof(i)*8 - 1)) | 1;
+	i *= b->sign;
+	*b->p = i;
+	b->top = 1;
+	return mpnorm(b);
+}
+
+int
+mptoi(mpint *b)
+{
+	uint x;
+
+	if(b->top==0)
+		return 0;
+	x = *b->p;
+	if(b->sign > 0){
+		if(b->top > 1 || (x > MAXINT))
+			x = (int)MAXINT;
+		else
+			x = (int)x;
+	} else {
+		if(b->top > 1 || x > MAXINT+1)
+			x = (int)MININT;
+		else
+			x = -(int)x;
+	}
+	return x;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mptoui.c
@@ -1,0 +1,31 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+/*
+ *  this code assumes that mpdigit is at least as
+ *  big as an int.
+ */
+
+mpint*
+uitomp(uint i, mpint *b)
+{
+	if(b == nil){
+		b = mpnew(0);
+	}
+	*b->p = i;
+	b->top = 1;
+	b->sign = 1;
+	return mpnorm(b);
+}
+
+uint
+mptoui(mpint *b)
+{
+	uint x;
+
+	x = *b->p;
+	if(b->sign < 0)
+		x = 0;
+	else if(b->top > 1 || (sizeof(mpdigit) > sizeof(uint) && x > MAXUINT))
+		x =  MAXUINT;
+	return x;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mptouv.c
@@ -1,0 +1,44 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+#define VLDIGITS (int)(sizeof(vlong)/sizeof(mpdigit))
+
+/*
+ *  this code assumes that a vlong is an integral number of
+ *  mpdigits long.
+ */
+mpint*
+uvtomp(uvlong v, mpint *b)
+{
+	int s;
+
+	if(b == nil){
+		b = mpnew(VLDIGITS*Dbits);
+	}else
+		mpbits(b, VLDIGITS*Dbits);
+	b->sign = 1;
+	for(s = 0; s < VLDIGITS; s++){
+		b->p[s] = v;
+		v >>= sizeof(mpdigit)*8;
+	}
+	b->top = s;
+	return mpnorm(b);
+}
+
+uvlong
+mptouv(mpint *b)
+{
+	uvlong v;
+	int s;
+
+	if(b->top == 0 || b->sign < 0)
+		return 0LL;
+
+	if(b->top > VLDIGITS)
+		return -1LL;
+
+	v = 0ULL;
+	for(s = 0; s < b->top; s++)
+		v |= (uvlong)b->p[s]<<(s*sizeof(mpdigit)*8);
+
+	return v;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mptov.c
@@ -1,0 +1,60 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+#define VLDIGITS (int)(sizeof(vlong)/sizeof(mpdigit))
+
+/*
+ *  this code assumes that a vlong is an integral number of
+ *  mpdigits long.
+ */
+mpint*
+vtomp(vlong v, mpint *b)
+{
+	int s;
+	uvlong uv;
+
+	if(b == nil){
+		b = mpnew(VLDIGITS*Dbits);
+	}else
+		mpbits(b, VLDIGITS*Dbits);
+	b->sign = (v >> (sizeof(v)*8 - 1)) | 1;
+	uv = v * b->sign;
+	for(s = 0; s < VLDIGITS; s++){
+		b->p[s] = uv;
+		uv >>= sizeof(mpdigit)*8;
+	}
+	b->top = s;
+	return mpnorm(b);
+}
+
+vlong
+mptov(mpint *b)
+{
+	uvlong v;
+	int s;
+
+	if(b->top == 0)
+		return 0LL;
+
+	if(b->top > VLDIGITS){
+		if(b->sign > 0)
+			return (vlong)MAXVLONG;
+		else
+			return (vlong)MINVLONG;
+	}
+
+	v = 0ULL;
+	for(s = 0; s < b->top; s++)
+		v |= (uvlong)b->p[s]<<(s*sizeof(mpdigit)*8);
+
+	if(b->sign > 0){
+		if(v > MAXVLONG)
+			v = MAXVLONG;
+	} else {
+		if(v > MINVLONG)
+			v = MINVLONG;
+		else
+			v = -(vlong)v;
+	}
+
+	return (vlong)v;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpvecadd.c
@@ -1,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// prereq: alen >= blen, sum has at least blen+1 digits
+void
+mpvecadd(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *sum)
+{
+	int i;
+	uint carry;
+	mpdigit x, y;
+
+	carry = 0;
+	for(i = 0; i < blen; i++){
+		x = *a++;
+		y = *b++;
+		x += carry;
+		if(x < carry)
+			carry = 1;
+		else
+			carry = 0;
+		x += y;
+		if(x < y)
+			carry++;
+		*sum++ = x;
+	}
+	for(; i < alen; i++){
+		x = *a++ + carry;
+		if(x < carry)
+			carry = 1;
+		else
+			carry = 0;
+		*sum++ = x;
+	}
+	*sum = carry;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpveccmp.c
@@ -1,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+int
+mpveccmp(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen)
+{
+	mpdigit x;
+
+	while(alen > blen)
+		if(a[--alen] != 0)
+			return 1;
+	while(blen > alen)
+		if(b[--blen] != 0)
+			return -1;
+	while(alen > 0){
+		--alen;
+		x = a[alen] - b[alen];
+		if(x == 0)
+			continue;
+		if(x > a[alen])
+			return -1;
+		else
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpvecdigmuladd.c
@@ -1,0 +1,101 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+#define LO(x) ((x) & ((1<<(Dbits/2))-1))
+#define HI(x) ((x) >> (Dbits/2))
+
+static void
+mpdigmul(mpdigit a, mpdigit b, mpdigit *p)
+{
+	mpdigit x, ah, al, bh, bl, p1, p2, p3, p4;
+	int carry;
+
+	// half digits
+	ah = HI(a);
+	al = LO(a);
+	bh = HI(b);
+	bl = LO(b);
+
+	// partial products
+	p1 = ah*bl;
+	p2 = bh*al;
+	p3 = bl*al;
+	p4 = ah*bh;
+
+	// p = ((p1+p2)<<(Dbits/2)) + (p4<<Dbits) + p3
+	carry = 0;
+	x = p1<<(Dbits/2);
+	p3 += x;
+	if(p3 < x)
+		carry++;
+	x = p2<<(Dbits/2);
+	p3 += x;
+	if(p3 < x)
+		carry++;
+	p4 += carry + HI(p1) + HI(p2);	// can't carry out of the high digit
+	p[0] = p3;
+	p[1] = p4;
+}
+
+// prereq: p must have room for n+1 digits
+void
+mpvecdigmuladd(mpdigit *b, int n, mpdigit m, mpdigit *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	mpdigit carry, x, y, part[2];
+
+	carry = 0;
+	part[1] = 0;
+	for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
+		x = part[1] + carry;
+		if(x < carry)
+			carry = 1;
+		else
+			carry = 0;
+		y = *p;
+		mpdigmul(*b++, m, part);
+		x += part[0];
+		if(x < part[0])
+			carry++;
+		x += y;
+		if(x < y)
+			carry++;
+		*p++ = x;
+	}
+	*p = part[1] + carry;
+}
+
+// prereq: p must have room for n+1 digits
+int
+mpvecdigmulsub(mpdigit *b, int n, mpdigit m, mpdigit *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	mpdigit x, y, part[2], borrow;
+
+	borrow = 0;
+	part[1] = 0;
+	for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
+		x = *p;
+		y = x - borrow;
+		if(y > x)
+			borrow = 1;
+		else
+			borrow = 0;
+		x = part[1];
+		mpdigmul(*b++, m, part);
+		x += part[0];
+		if(x < part[0])
+			borrow++;
+		x = y - x;
+		if(x > y)
+			borrow++;
+		*p++ = x;
+	}
+
+	x = *p;
+	y = x - borrow - part[1];
+	*p = y;
+	if(y > x)
+		return -1;
+	else
+		return 1;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpvecsub.c
@@ -1,0 +1,32 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+// prereq: a >= b, alen >= blen, diff has at least alen digits
+void
+mpvecsub(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen, mpdigit *diff)
+{
+	int i, borrow;
+	mpdigit x, y;
+
+	borrow = 0;
+	for(i = 0; i < blen; i++){
+		x = *a++;
+		y = *b++;
+		y += borrow;
+		if(y < (mpdigit)borrow)
+			borrow = 1;
+		else
+			borrow = 0;
+		if(x < y)
+			borrow++;
+		*diff++ = x - y;
+	}
+	for(; i < alen; i++){
+		x = *a++;
+		y = x - borrow;
+		if(y > x)
+			borrow = 1;
+		else
+			borrow = 0;
+		*diff++ = y;
+	}
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/mpvectscmp.c
@@ -1,0 +1,32 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+int
+mpvectscmp(mpdigit *a, int alen, mpdigit *b, int blen)
+{
+	mpdigit x, y, z, v;
+	int m, p;
+
+	if(alen > blen){
+		v = 0;
+		while(alen > blen)
+			v |= a[--alen];
+		m = p = (-v^v|v)>>(Dbits-1);
+	} else if(blen > alen){
+		v = 0;
+		while(blen > alen)
+			v |= b[--blen];
+		m = (-v^v|v)>>(Dbits-1);
+		p = m^1;
+	} else
+		m = p = 0;
+	while(alen-- > 0){
+		x = a[alen];
+		y = b[alen];
+		z = x - y;
+		x = ~x;
+		v = ((-z^z|z)>>(Dbits-1)) & ~m;
+		p = ((~(x&y|x&z|y&z)>>(Dbits-1)) & v) | (p & ~v);
+		m |= v;
+	}
+	return (p-m) | m;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/strtomp.c
@@ -1,0 +1,174 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+static char*
+frompow2(char *a, mpint *b, int s)
+{
+	char *p, *next;
+	mpdigit x;
+	int i;
+
+	i = 1<<s;
+	for(p = a; (dec16chr(*p) & 255) < i; p++)
+		;
+
+	mpbits(b, (p-a)*s);
+	b->top = 0;
+	next = p;
+
+	while(p > a){
+		x = 0;
+		for(i = 0; i < Dbits; i += s){
+			if(p <= a)
+				break;
+			x |= dec16chr(*--p)<<i;
+		}
+		b->p[b->top++] = x;
+	}
+	return next;
+}
+
+static char*
+from8(char *a, mpint *b)
+{
+	char *p, *next;
+	mpdigit x, y;
+	int i;
+
+	for(p = a; ((*p - '0') & 255) < 8; p++)
+		;
+
+	mpbits(b, (p-a)*3);
+	b->top = 0;
+	next = p;
+
+	i = 0;
+	x = y = 0;
+	while(p > a){
+		y = *--p - '0';
+		x |= y << i;
+		i += 3;
+		if(i >= Dbits){
+Digout:
+			i -= Dbits;
+			b->p[b->top++] = x;
+			x = y >> (3-i);
+		}
+	}
+	if(i > 0)
+		goto Digout;
+
+	return next;
+}
+
+static ulong mppow10[] = {
+	1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000, 1000000000
+};
+
+static char*
+from10(char *a, mpint *b)
+{
+	ulong x, y;
+	mpint *pow, *r;
+	int i;
+
+	pow = mpnew(0);
+	r = mpnew(0);
+
+	b->top = 0;
+	for(;;){
+		// do a billion at a time in native arithmetic
+		x = 0;
+		for(i = 0; i < 9; i++){
+			y = *a - '0';
+			if(y > 9)
+				break;
+			a++;
+			x *= 10;
+			x += y;
+		}
+		if(i == 0)
+			break;
+
+		// accumulate into mpint
+		uitomp(mppow10[i], pow);
+		uitomp(x, r);
+		mpmul(b, pow, b);
+		mpadd(b, r, b);
+		if(i < 9)
+			break;
+	}
+	mpfree(pow);
+	mpfree(r);
+	return a;
+}
+
+mpint*
+strtomp(char *a, char **pp, int base, mpint *b)
+{
+	int sign;
+	char *e;
+
+	if(b == nil){
+		b = mpnew(0);
+	}
+
+	while(*a==' ' || *a=='\t')
+		a++;
+
+	sign = 1;
+	for(;; a++){
+		switch(*a){
+		case '-':
+			sign *= -1;
+			continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if(base == 0){
+		base = 10;
+		if(a[0] == '0'){
+			if(a[1] == 'x' || a[1] == 'X') {
+				a += 2;
+				base = 16;
+			} else if(a[1] == 'b' || a[1] == 'B') {
+				a += 2;
+				base = 2;
+			} else if(a[1] >= '0' && a[1] <= '7') {
+				a++;
+				base = 8;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch(base){
+	case 2:
+		e = frompow2(a, b, 1);
+		break;
+	case 4:
+		e = frompow2(a, b, 2);
+		break;
+	case 8:
+		e = from8(a, b);
+		break;
+	case 10:
+		e = from10(a, b);
+		break;
+	case 16:
+		e = frompow2(a, b, 4);
+		break;
+	default:
+		abort();
+		return nil;
+	}
+
+	if(pp != nil)
+		*pp = e;
+
+	// if no characters parsed, there wasn't a number to convert
+	if(e == a)
+		return nil;
+
+	b->sign = sign;
+	return mpnorm(b);
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/u16.c
@@ -1,0 +1,68 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+#define between(x,min,max)	(((min-1-x) & (x-max-1))>>8)
+
+int
+enc16chr(int o)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	c  = between(o,  0,  9) & ('0'+o);
+	c |= between(o, 10, 15) & ('A'+(o-10));
+	return c;
+}
+
+int
+dec16chr(int c)
+{
+	int o;
+
+	o  = between(c, '0', '9') & (1+(c-'0'));
+	o |= between(c, 'A', 'F') & (1+10+(c-'A'));
+	o |= between(c, 'a', 'f') & (1+10+(c-'a'));
+	return o-1;
+}
+
+int
+dec16(uchar *out, int lim, char *in, int n)
+{
+	int c, w = 0, i = 0;
+	uchar *start = out;
+	uchar *eout = out + lim;
+
+	while(n-- > 0){
+		c = dec16chr(*in++);
+		if(c < 0)
+			continue;
+		w = (w<<4) + c;
+		i++;
+		if(i == 2){
+			if(out + 1 > eout)
+				goto exhausted;
+			*out++ = w;
+			w = 0;
+			i = 0;
+		}
+	}
+exhausted:
+	return out - start;
+}
+
+int
+enc16(char *out, int lim, uchar *in, int n)
+{
+	uint c;
+	char *eout = out + lim;
+	char *start = out;
+
+	while(n-- > 0){
+		c = *in++;
+		if(out + 2 >= eout)
+			goto exhausted;
+		*out++ = enc16chr(c>>4);
+		*out++ = enc16chr(c&15);
+	}
+exhausted:
+	*out = 0;
+	return out - start;
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/u32.c
@@ -1,0 +1,143 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+#define between(x,min,max)	(((min-1-x) & (x-max-1))>>8)
+
+int
+enc32chr(int o)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	c  = between(o,  0, 25) & ('A'+o);
+	c |= between(o, 26, 31) & ('2'+(o-26));
+	return c;
+}
+
+int
+dec32chr(int c)
+{
+	int o;
+
+	o  = between(c, 'A', 'Z') & (1+(c-'A'));
+	o |= between(c, 'a', 'z') & (1+(c-'a'));
+	o |= between(c, '2', '7') & (1+26+(c-'2'));
+	return o-1;
+}
+
+int
+dec32x(uchar *dest, int ndest, char *src, int nsrc, int (*chr)(int))
+{
+	uchar *start;
+	int i, j, u[8];
+
+	if(ndest+1 < (5*nsrc+7)/8)
+		return -1;
+	start = dest;
+	while(nsrc>=8){
+		for(i=0; i<8; i++){
+			j = chr(src[i]);
+			if(j < 0)
+				j = 0;
+			u[i] = j;
+		}
+		*dest++ = (u[0]<<3) | (0x7 & (u[1]>>2));
+		*dest++ = ((0x3 & u[1])<<6) | (u[2]<<1) | (0x1 & (u[3]>>4));
+		*dest++ = ((0xf & u[3])<<4) | (0xf & (u[4]>>1));
+		*dest++ = ((0x1 & u[4])<<7) | (u[5]<<2) | (0x3 & (u[6]>>3));
+		*dest++ = ((0x7 & u[6])<<5) | u[7];
+		src  += 8;
+		nsrc -= 8;
+	}
+	if(nsrc > 0){
+		if(nsrc == 1 || nsrc == 3 || nsrc == 6)
+			return -1;
+		for(i=0; i<nsrc; i++){
+			j = chr(src[i]);
+			if(j < 0)
+				j = 0;
+			u[i] = j;
+		}
+		*dest++ = (u[0]<<3) | (0x7 & (u[1]>>2));
+		if(nsrc == 2)
+			goto out;
+		*dest++ = ((0x3 & u[1])<<6) | (u[2]<<1) | (0x1 & (u[3]>>4));
+		if(nsrc == 4)
+			goto out;
+		*dest++ = ((0xf & u[3])<<4) | (0xf & (u[4]>>1));
+		if(nsrc == 5)
+			goto out;
+		*dest++ = ((0x1 & u[4])<<7) | (u[5]<<2) | (0x3 & (u[6]>>3));
+	}
+out:
+	return dest-start;
+}
+
+int
+enc32x(char *dest, int ndest, uchar *src, int nsrc, int (*chr)(int))
+{
+	char *start;
+	int j;
+
+	if(ndest <= (8*nsrc+4)/5)
+		return -1;
+	start = dest;
+	while(nsrc>=5){
+		j = (0x1f & (src[0]>>3));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1c & (src[0]<<2)) | (0x03 & (src[1]>>6));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1f & (src[1]>>1));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x10 & (src[1]<<4)) | (0x0f & (src[2]>>4));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1e & (src[2]<<1)) | (0x01 & (src[3]>>7));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1f & (src[3]>>2));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x18 & (src[3]<<3)) | (0x07 & (src[4]>>5));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1f & (src[4]));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		src  += 5;
+		nsrc -= 5;
+	}
+	if(nsrc){
+		j = (0x1f & (src[0]>>3));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1c & (src[0]<<2));
+		if(nsrc == 1)
+			goto out;
+		j |= (0x03 & (src[1]>>6));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1f & (src[1]>>1));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x10 & (src[1]<<4));
+		if(nsrc == 2)
+			goto out;
+		j |= (0x0f & (src[2]>>4));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1e & (src[2]<<1));
+		if(nsrc == 3)
+			goto out;
+		j |= (0x01 & (src[3]>>7));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x1f & (src[3]>>2));
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+		j = (0x18 & (src[3]<<3));
+out:
+		*dest++ = chr(j);
+	}
+	*dest = 0;
+	return dest-start;
+}
+
+int
+enc32(char *dest, int ndest, uchar *src, int nsrc)
+{
+	return enc32x(dest, ndest, src, nsrc, enc32chr);
+}
+
+int
+dec32(uchar *dest, int ndest, char *src, int nsrc)
+{
+	return dec32x(dest, ndest, src, nsrc, dec32chr);
+}
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mp/u64.c
@@ -1,0 +1,141 @@
+#include "platform.h"
+
+#define between(x,min,max)	(((min-1-x) & (x-max-1))>>8)
+
+int
+enc64chr(int o)
+{
+	int c;
+
+	c  = between(o,  0, 25) & ('A'+o);
+	c |= between(o, 26, 51) & ('a'+(o-26));
+	c |= between(o, 52, 61) & ('0'+(o-52));
+	c |= between(o, 62, 62) & ('+');
+	c |= between(o, 63, 63) & ('/');
+	return c;
+}
+
+int
+dec64chr(int c)
+{
+	int o;
+
+	o  = between(c, 'A', 'Z') & (1+(c-'A'));
+	o |= between(c, 'a', 'z') & (1+26+(c-'a'));
+	o |= between(c, '0', '9') & (1+52+(c-'0'));
+	o |= between(c, '+', '+') & (1+62);
+	o |= between(c, '/', '/') & (1+63);
+	return o-1;
+}
+
+int
+dec64x(uchar *out, int lim, char *in, int n, int (*chr)(int))
+{
+	ulong b24;
+	uchar *start = out;
+	uchar *e = out + lim;
+	int i, c;
+
+	b24 = 0;
+	i = 0;
+	while(n-- > 0){
+		c = chr(*in++);
+		if(c < 0)
+			continue;
+		switch(i){
+		case 0:
+			b24 = c<<18;
+			break;
+		case 1:
+			b24 |= c<<12;
+			break;
+		case 2:
+			b24 |= c<<6;
+			break;
+		case 3:
+			if(out + 3 > e)
+				goto exhausted;
+
+			b24 |= c;
+			*out++ = b24>>16;
+			*out++ = b24>>8;
+			*out++ = b24;
+			i = 0;
+			continue;
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+	switch(i){
+	case 2:
+		if(out + 1 > e)
+			goto exhausted;
+		*out++ = b24>>16;
+		break;
+	case 3:
+		if(out + 2 > e)
+			goto exhausted;
+		*out++ = b24>>16;
+		*out++ = b24>>8;
+		break;
+	}
+exhausted:
+	return out - start;
+}
+
+int
+enc64x(char *out, int lim, uchar *in, int n, int (*chr)(int))
+{
+	int i;
+	ulong b24;
+	char *start = out;
+	char *e = out + lim;
+
+	for(i = n/3; i > 0; i--){
+		b24 = *in++<<16;
+		b24 |= *in++<<8;
+		b24 |= *in++;
+		if(out + 4 >= e)
+			goto exhausted;
+		*out++ = chr(b24>>18);
+		*out++ = chr((b24>>12)&0x3f);
+		*out++ = chr((b24>>6)&0x3f);
+		*out++ = chr(b24&0x3f);
+	}
+
+	switch(n%3){
+	case 2:
+		b24 = *in++<<16;
+		b24 |= *in<<8;
+		if(out + 4 >= e)
+			goto exhausted;
+		*out++ = chr(b24>>18);
+		*out++ = chr((b24>>12)&0x3f);
+		*out++ = chr((b24>>6)&0x3f);
+		*out++ = '=';
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		b24 = *in<<16;
+		if(out + 4 >= e)
+			goto exhausted;
+		*out++ = chr(b24>>18);
+		*out++ = chr((b24>>12)&0x3f);
+		*out++ = '=';
+		*out++ = '=';
+		break;
+	}
+exhausted:
+	*out = 0;
+	return out - start;
+}
+
+int
+enc64(char *out, int lim, uchar *in, int n)
+{
+	return enc64x(out, lim, in, n, enc64chr);
+}
+
+int
+dec64(uchar *out, int lim, char *in, int n)
+{
+	return dec64x(out, lim, in, n, dec64chr);
+}